Substituted imidazolyl-5,6-dihydrobenzo[N]isoquinoline compounds

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to substituted imidazolyl-5,6-dihydrobenzo[n]isoquinoline compounds and methods of synthesizing these compounds. The present invention also relates to pharmaceutical compositions containing substituted imidazolyl-5,6-dihydrobenzo[n]isoquinoline compounds and methods of treating cell proliferative disorders, such as cancer, by administering these compounds and pharmaceutical compositions to subjects in need thereof.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application claims priority to, and the benefit of, U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/141,371, filed Dec. 30, 2008. The contents of this application is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States, exceeded only by heart disease. (Cancer Facts and Figures 2004, American Cancer Society, Inc.). Despite recent advances in cancer diagnosis and treatment, surgery and radiotherapy may be curative if a cancer is found early, but current drug therapies for metastatic disease are mostly palliative and seldom offer a long-term cure. Even with new chemotherapies entering the market, the need continues for new drugs effective in monotherapy or in combination with existing agents as first line therapy, and as second and third line therapies in treatment of resistant tumors.

Cancer cells are by definition heterogeneous. For example, within a single tissue or cell type, multiple mutational “mechanisms” may lead to the development of cancer. As such, heterogeneity frequently exists between cancer cells taken from tumors of the same tissue and same type that have originated in different individuals. Frequently observed mutational “mechanisms” associated with some cancers may differ between one tissue type and another (e.g., frequently observed mutational “mechanisms” leading to colon cancer may differ from frequently observed “mechanisms” leading to leukemias). It is therefore often difficult to predict whether a particular cancer will respond to a particular chemotherapeutic agent (Cancer Medicine, 5^(th) edition, Bast et al., B. C. Decker Inc., Hamilton, Ontario).

Components of cellular signal transduction pathways that regulate the growth and differentiation of normal cells can, when dysregulated, lead to the development of cellular proliferative disorders and cancer. Mutations in cellular signaling proteins may cause such proteins to become expressed or activated at inappropriate levels or at inappropriate times during the cell cycle, which in turn may lead to uncontrolled cellular growth or changes in cell-cell attachment properties. For example, dysregulation of receptor tyrosine kinases by mutation, gene rearrangement, gene amplification, and overexpression of both receptor and ligand has been implicated in the development and progression of human cancers.

FGFR2 is a member of the fibroblast growth factor receptor family, where amino acid sequence is highly conserved between members and throughout evolution. FGFR family members differ from one another in their ligand affinities and tissue distribution. A full-length representative protein consists of an extracellular region, composed of three immunoglobulin-like domains, a single hydrophobic membrane-spanning segment and a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase domain. The extracellular portion of the protein interacts with fibroblast growth factors, setting downstream signals, ultimately influencing mitogenesis and differentiation.

Alterations in the activity (expression) of the FGFR2 gene are associated with certain cancers. The altered gene expression may enhance several cancer-related events such as cell proliferation, cell movement, and the development of new blood vessels that nourish a growing tumor. The FGFR2 gene is abnormally active (overexpressed) in certain types of stomach cancers, and this amplification is associated with a poorer prognosis and response to standard clinical methods. Abnormal expression of FGFR2 is also found in patients with prostate cancer. More than 60 percent of women with breast cancer in the United States carry at least a single mutation in this gene as well.

Accordingly, new compounds and methods for modulating FGFR2 and treating proliferation disorders, including cancer, are needed. The present invention addresses these needs.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides, in part, substituted imidazolyl-5,6-dihydrobenzo[n]isoquinoline compounds of Formula I, II, III or IV and methods of preparing the compounds of Formula I, II, III or IV:

or a salt, solvate, hydrate or prodrug thereof, wherein:

is a 5- or 6-member ring which optionally comprises 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, and is optionally substituted;

R_(c1) is H, halogen, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted phenyl, or unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-member ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S;

R_(c2) is H, or unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl;

R_(c3) and R_(c4) are each independently H, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, or R_(c3) and R_(c4), together with the atoms they attach to, form a 5-, 6- or 7-member ring which optionally comprises 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S and is optionally substituted;

R_(c5) and R_(c6) are each independently H, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, or unsubstituted or substituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl;

each R_(p) is independently halogen, hydroxyl, cyano, nitro, amino, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, —C(O)R_(akhr), —C(O)OR_(akhr), —NHC(O)R_(akhr), —NHC(O)OR_(akhr);

n is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4;

X₁-X₂ is CH₂—CHR_(y)′, CH₂—NR_(y), CR_(w)R_(w)′—O, CH₂—CH₂—NR_(y), or X₁′-X₂′;

X₁′-X₂′ is CHR_(xa1)-CHR_(xa2), CHR_(xb)—O, O—CHR_(xb), CHR_(xc), CHR_(xd1)-CHR_(xd2)-CHR_(xd3), CHR_(xe1)-CHR_(xe2)—O, O—CHR_(xe1)-CHR_(xe2), CHR_(xe1)—O—CHR_(xe2), CHR_(xf)—S, S—CHR_(xf)CHR_(xe1)-CHR_(xe2)—NR_(y), CR_(w)R_(w)′—O, CHR_(xe1)—NR_(y)—CHR_(xe2) or NR_(y)—CHR_(xe1)-CHR_(xe2);

R_(xa1), R_(xa2), R_(xb), R_(xc), R_(xd1), R_(xd2), R_(xd3), R_(xe1), R_(xe2), or R_(xf) are each independently H, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, or unsubstituted or substituted phenyl;

R_(w) and R_(w)′ are each independently unsubstituted or substituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl, unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-member ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₈ carbocycle, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycle comprising one or two 5- or 6-member ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, or R_(w) and R_(w)′, together with the atom they attach to, form a 5-, 6- or 7-member ring which comprises 0-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S and is optionally substituted;

R_(akhr) is H, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl, or unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-member ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S;

Y is NR_(y) or CHR_(y)′;

R_(y) is H, unsubstituted or substituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl, unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-member ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₈ carbocycle, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycle comprising one or two 5- or 6-member ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, —S(O)₂R₁, —C(O)R₁, —C(O)OR₁, —(CH₂)_(o)R₁, —C(═NH)NR₂R₂′, —C(O)NR₂R₂′, or —C(S)NR₂R₂′;

o is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4;

R₁ is H, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, or -T_(y1)-Q_(y1);

R₂ and R₂′ are each independently H, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, -T_(y3)-Q_(y3), or R₂ and R₂′, together with the atom they attach to, form a 5-, 6- or 7-member ring which comprises 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S and is optionally substituted;

R_(y)′ is H, unsubstituted or substituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl, unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-member ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₈ carbocycle, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycle comprising one or two 5- or 6-member ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, —NR₃R₃′, —NR₃″C(O)NR₃R₃′, —NR₃″C(O)R₃, —NR₃″C(O)OR₃, —NR₃″S(O)₂R₃, or —C(O)NR₃R₃′;

R₃ and R₃′ are each independently H, or -T_(y1)′-Q_(y1)′;

R₃″ is H, or unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl;

T_(y1), T_(y1)′ and T_(y3) are each independently a bond, or unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl linker;

Q_(y1) is H, unsubstituted or substituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl, unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-member ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₈ carbocycle, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycle comprising one or two 5- or 6-member ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, —C(O)OR₂₁, —C(O)R₂₁, —C(O)NR₂₁R₂₁′, or —NR₂₁R₂₁′;

Q_(y1)′ is H, unsubstituted or substituted C₆-C₁₅ aryl, unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-member ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₈ carbocycle, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycle comprising one or two 5- or 6-member ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, —C(O)OR₂₁, —C(O)R₂₁, —C(O)NR₂₁R₂₁′, or —NR₂₁R₂₁′;

Q_(y3) is H, unsubstituted or substituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl, unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-member ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₈ carbocycle, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycle comprising one or two 5- or 6-member ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, —C(O)OR₃₁, —C(O)R₃₁, —C(O)NR₃₁R₃₁′, or —NR₃₁R₃₁′; and

R₂₁, R₂₁′, R₃₁ and R₃₁′ are each independently H, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl, or unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-member ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S.

The present invention also provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising one or more compounds of Formula I, II, III or IV and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers.

The present invention also provides methods of treating a cell proliferative disorder by administering to a subject in need thereof, a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I, II, III or IV, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug, metabolite, analog or derivative thereof, in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, such that the disorder is treated.

The present invention also provides methods of treating cancer by administering to a subject in need thereof, a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I, II, III or IV, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug, metabolite, analog or derivative thereof, in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, such that the cancer is treated.

The present invention also provides methods of selectively inducing cell death in precancerous or cancerous cells by contacting a cell with an effective amount of a compound of Formula I, II, III or IV, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug, metabolite, analog or derivative thereof, in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, such that contacting the cell results in selective induction of cell death in the precancerous or cancer cells.

Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. In the specification, the singular forms also include the plural unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Although methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the present invention, suitable methods and materials are described below. All publications, patent applications, patents, and other references mentioned herein are incorporated by reference. The references cited herein are not admitted to be prior art to the claimed invention. In the case of conflict, the present specification, including definitions, will control. In addition, the materials, methods, and examples are illustrative only and are not intended to be limiting.

Other features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following detailed description and claims.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 1. The Substituted Imidazolyl-5,6-Dihydrobenzo[n]Isoquinoline Compounds

The present invention provides novel substituted imidazolyl-5,6-dihydrobenzo[n]isoquinoline compounds, synthetic methods for making the compounds, pharmaceutical compositions containing them and the use of the disclosed compounds.

The compounds of the present invention include substituted imidazolyl-5,6-dihydrobenzo[n]isoquinoline compounds of Formula I:

or a salt, solvate, hydrate or prodrug thereof, wherein:

R_(c1) is H, halogen, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted phenyl, or unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-member ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S;

R_(c2) is H, or unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl;

R_(c3) and R_(c4) are each independently H, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, or R_(c3) and R_(c4), together with the atoms they attach to, form a 5-, 6- or 7-member ring which optionally comprises 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S and is optionally substituted;

X₁-X₂ is CH₂—CHR_(y)′, CH₂—NR_(y), CR_(w)R_(w)′—O, CH₂—CH₂—NR_(y), or X₁′-X₂′;

X₁′-X₂′ is CHR_(xa1)-CHR_(xa2), CHR_(xb)—O, O—CHR_(xb), CHR_(xc), CHR_(xd1)-CHR_(xd2)-CHR_(xd3), CHR_(xe1)-CHR_(xe2)—O, O—CHR_(xe1)-CHR_(xe2), CHR_(xe1)—O—CHR_(xe2), CHR_(xf)—S, S—CHR_(xf), CHR_(xe1)-CHR_(xe2)—NR_(y), CR_(w)R_(w)′—O, CHR_(xe1)—NR_(y)—CHR_(xe2) or NR_(y)—CHR_(xe1)—CHR_(xe2);

R_(xa1), R_(xa2), R_(xb), R_(xc), R_(xd1), R_(xd2), R_(xd3), R_(xe1), R_(xe2), or R_(xf) are each independently H, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, or unsubstituted or substituted phenyl;

R_(w) and R_(w)′ are each independently unsubstituted or substituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl, unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-member ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₈ carbocycle, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycle comprising one or two 5- or 6-member ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, or R_(w) and R_(w)′, together with the atom they attach to, form a 5-, 6- or 7-member ring which comprises 0-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S and is optionally substituted;

R_(y) is H, unsubstituted or substituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl, unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-member ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₈ carbocycle, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycle comprising one or two 5- or 6-member ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, —S(O)₂R₁, —C(O)R₁, —C(O)OR₁, —(CH₂)_(o)R₁, —C(═NH)NR₂R₂′, —C(O)NR₂R₂′, or —C(S)NR₂R₂′;

o is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4;

R₁ is H, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, or -T_(y1)-Q_(y1);

R₂ and R₂′ are each independently H, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, -T_(y3)-Q_(y3), or R₂ and R₂′, together with the atom they attach to, form a 5-, 6- or 7-member ring which comprises 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S and is optionally substituted;

R_(y)′ is H, unsubstituted or substituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl, unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-member ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₈ carbocycle, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycle comprising one or two 5- or 6-member ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, —NR₃R₃′, —NR₃″C(O)NR₃R₃′, —NR₃″C(O)R₃, —NR₃″C(O)OR₃, —NR₃″S(O)₂R₃, or —C(O)NR₃R₃′;

R₃ and R₃′ are each independently H, or -T_(y1)′-Q_(y1);

R₃″ is H, or unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl;

T_(y1), T_(y1)′ and T_(y3) are each independently a bond, or unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl linker;

Q_(y1) is H, unsubstituted or substituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl, unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-member ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₈ carbocycle, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycle comprising one or two 5- or 6-member ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, —C(O)OR₂₁, —C(O)R₂₁, —C(O)NR₂₁R₂₁′, or —NR₂₁R₂₁′;

Q_(y1)′ is H, unsubstituted or substituted C₆-C₁₅ aryl, unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-member ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₈ carbocycle, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycle comprising one or two 5- or 6-member ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, —C(O)OR₂₁, —C(O)R₂₁, —C(O)NR₂₁R₂₁′, or —NR₂₁R₂₁′;

Q_(y3) is H, unsubstituted or substituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl, unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-member ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₈ carbocycle, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycle comprising one or two 5- or 6-member ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, —C(O)OR₃₁, —C(O)R₃₁, —C(O)NR₃₁R₃₁′, or —NR₃₁R₃₁′; and

R₂₁, R₂₁′, R₃₁ and R₃₁′ are each independently H, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl, or unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-member ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S.

For example, R_(c1) is H.

For example, R_(c1) is fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine.

For example, R_(c1) is unsubstituted or substituted, straight chain or branched C₁-C₆ alkyl, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl.

For example, R_(c1) is methyl.

For example, R_(c1) is unsubstituted phenyl.

For example, R_(c1) is phenyl substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), and -T_(c1)-Q_(c1), wherein:

T_(c1) is a bond, or unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl linker;

Q_(c1) is H, —NR_(c11)R_(c1)′, —C(O)NR_(c11)R_(c11)′, —NHC(O)R_(c11), —NHC(O)OR_(c11), —NHC(O)NR_(c11)R_(c11)′, or —S(O)₂R_(c11); and

R_(c11) and R_(c11)′ are each independently H, or unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl.

For example, R_(c1) is phenyl substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from -T_(c1)-Q_(c1).

For example, T_(c1) is a bond.

For example, T_(c1) is unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl linker, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl linker.

For example, T_(c1) is a methyl linker.

For example, Q_(c1) is H.

For example, both R_(c11) and R_(c11)′ are H.

For example, at least one of R_(c11) and R_(c11)′ is unsubstituted or substituted, straight-chain or branched C₁-C₆ alkyl, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl.

For example, at least one of R_(c11) and R_(c11)′ is methyl, ethyl or t-butyl.

For example, R_(c1) is phenyl substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from methyl, ethyl, t-butyl and trifluoromethyl.

For example, R_(c1) is phenyl substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from methoxy, t-butoxy and trifluoromethoxy.

For example, R_(c1) is phenyl substituted with two or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, cyano, methyl, ethyl, t-butyl, trifluoromethyl, methoxy, t-butoxy, trifluoromethoxy, and halogen.

For example, R_(c1) is heteroaryl selected from pyrrolyl, furanyl, thienyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, benzoxazolyl, benzodioxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzoimidazolyl, benzothienyl, methylenedioxyphenyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, naphthrydinyl, indolyl, benzofuranyl, purinyl, deazapurinyl, indolizinyl, imidazothiazolyl, quinoxalinyl, tetrahydropyridinyl, pyrrolopyrimidinyl, and the like, and is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine), unsubstituted or substituted amino, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine)), C₆-C₁₀ aryl (e.g., phenyl, which is optionally substituted), heteroaryl (e.g., pyrrolyl, furanyl, thiophenyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, and pyrimidinyl, and the like, and is optionally substituted), C₃-C₈ carbocycle (e.g., cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, or cycloheptyl, and is optionally substituted), or heterocycle (e.g., pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, triazolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, and morpholinyl, and the like, and is optionally substituted).

For example, R_(c1) is heteroaryl selected from furanyl, pyrazolyl, purinyl, indolyl, tetrahydropyridinyl, and pyrrolopyrimidinyl, and is optionally substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same of different, selected from methyl, ethyl, t-butyl, amino, and heterocycle (e.g., piperidinyl, which is optionally substituted).

For example, R_(c2) is H.

For example, R_(c2) is unsubstituted or substituted, straight-chain or branched C₁-C₆ alkyl, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl.

For example, R_(c2) is methyl substituted with unsubstituted phenyl.

For example, R_(c2) is methyl substituted with phenyl substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)).

For example, R_(c2) is methyl substituted with phenyl substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from methyl, ethyl, t-butyl, and trifluoromethyl.

For example, R_(c2) is methyl substituted with phenyl substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from methoxy, ethoxy, i-propyloxy, and t-butoxy.

For example, R_(c3) is H.

For example, R_(c3) is unsubstituted or substituted, straight-chain or branched C₁-C₆ alkyl, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl.

For example, R₄ is H.

For example, R₄ is unsubstituted or substituted, straight-chain or branched C₁-C₆ alkyl, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl.

For example, both of R_(c3) and R_(c4) are H.

For example, R_(c3) and R_(c4), together with the atoms they attach to, form a 5- or 6-member ring selected from:

1) phenyl, which is optionally substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine), cyano, nitro, unsubstituted or substituted amino, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl), unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy), —C(O)R_(akhr), —C(O)OR_(akhr), —NHC(O)R_(akhr), —NHC(O)OR_(akhr), and —C(O)NR_(akhr)R_(akhr)′);

2) heteroaryl (e.g., pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, triazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazinyl, triazinyl, tetrazinyl, furanyl, thienyl, and pyridinone, and the like, and is optionally substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine), unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl), unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy), unsubstituted or substituted phenyl, —NR_(c31)R_(c32), and —SR_(akhr));

3) carbocycle (e.g., cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, or cycloheptyl, and is optionally substituted); or

4) heterocycle (e.g., pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, triazolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, and morpholinyl, and the like, and is optionally substituted),

wherein:

-   -   R_(akhr) and R_(akhr)′ are each independently H, unsubstituted         or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted C₆-C₁₀         aryl, or unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl comprising one         or two 5- or 6-member ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N,         O and S;     -   R_(c31) and R_(c32) are each independently H, -T_(c3)-Q_(c3), or         R_(c31) and R_(c32), together with the atom they attach to, form         a 5- or 6-member ring which optionally comprises 1-4 heteroatoms         selected from N, O and S and is optionally substituted;     -   T_(c3) is a bond, or unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl         linker;     -   Q_(c3) is H, unsubstituted or substituted phenyl, unsubstituted         or substituted heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-member         ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, unsubstituted         or substitute C₃-C₈ carbocycle, unsubstituted or substituted         heterocycle comprising one or two 5- or 6-member ring and 1-4         heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, or —OR_(c33); and     -   R_(c33) is H, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, or         unsubstituted or substituted phenyl.

For example, R_(c3) and R_(c4), together with the atoms they attach to, form a phenyl optionally substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine), cyano, nitro, methyl, ethyl, t-butyl, trifluomethyl, methoxy, ethoxy, t-butoxy, and —NHC(O)R_(akhr).

For example, R_(c3) and R_(c4), together with the atoms they attach to, form a phenyl optionally substituted with two or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine), cyano, nitro, methyl, ethyl, t-butyl, trifluomethyl, methoxy, ethoxy, t-butoxy, and —C(O)R_(akhr).

For example, R_(c3) and R_(c4), together with the atoms they attach to, form a heteroaryl selected from imidazolyl, thiazolyl, pyridinyl, pyridinone, pyrimidinyl, furanyl, or thienyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine), methyl, ethyl, t-butyl, trifluromethyl, methoxy, ethoxy, t-butoxy, phenyl, —NR_(c31)R_(c32), and —SR_(akhr).

For example, both R_(akhr) and R_(akhr)′ are H.

For example, at least one of R_(akhr) and R_(akhr)′ is unsubstituted or substituted, straight-chain or branched C₁-C₆ alkyl, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl.

For example, R_(akhr) is H.

For example, R_(akhr) is unsubstituted or substituted, straight-chain or branched C₁-C₆ alkyl, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl.

For example, R_(akhr) is methyl.

For example, both of R_(c31) and R_(c32) are H.

For example, at least one of R_(c31) and R_(c32) is -T_(c3)-Q_(c3).

For example, T_(c3) is a bond.

For example, T_(c3) is unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl linker, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl linker.

For example, T_(c3) is a methyl, ethyl, or propyl linker.

For example, Q_(c3) is H.

For example, Q_(c3) is unsubstituted phenyl.

For example, Q_(c3) is phenyl substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine), cyano, nitro, unsubstituted or substituted amino, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)).

For example, Q_(c3) is phenyl substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from methyl, ethyl, t-butyl, trifluoromethyl, methoxy, ethoxy, t-butoxy, and halogen (e.g. fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine).

For example, Q_(c3) is phenyl substituted with two or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from methyl, ethyl, t-butyl, trifluoromethyl, methoxy, ethoxy, t-butoxy, and halogen (e.g. fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine).

For example, Q_(c3) is heteroaryl selected from pyrrolyl, furanyl, thienyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, benzoxazolyl, benzodioxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzoimidazolyl, benzothienyl, methylenedioxyphenyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, naphthrydinyl, indolyl, benzofuranyl, purinyl, deazapurinyl, indolizinyl, imidazothiazolyl, and quinoxalinyl, and the like, and is optionally substituted.

For example, Q_(c3) is pyridinyl.

For example, Q_(c3) is cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, or cycloheptyl, and is optionally substituted.

For example, Q_(c3) is cycloheptyl.

For example, Q_(c3) is heterocycle selected from pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, triazolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, and pyrrolidinone, and the like, and is optionally substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine), unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl).

For example, Q_(c3) is pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, morpholinyl, or pyrrolidinone, and is optionally substituted with methyl, ethyl, or t-butyl.

For example, Q_(c3) is —OR_(c33).

For example, R_(c33) is H.

For example, R_(c33) is unsubstituted or substituted, straight-chain or branched C₁-C₆ alkyl, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl.

For example, R_(c33) is phenyl, and is optionally substituted.

For example, R_(c31) and R_(c32), together with the atom they attach to, form a 5- or 6-member ring selected from pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, triazolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, and morpholinyl, and the like and is optionally substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from -T_(c4)-Q_(c4), wherein:

-   -   T_(c4) is a bond, or unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl         linker;     -   Q_(c4) is H, unsubstituted or substituted phenyl, unsubstituted         or substituted heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-member         ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, unsubstituted         or substitute C₃-C₈ carbocycle, unsubstituted or substituted         heterocycle comprising one or two 5- or 6-member ring and 1-4         heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, —C(O)R_(c34),         —C(O)OR_(c34); and     -   R_(c34) is H, unsubstituted or substituted phenyl, unsubstituted         or substituted heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-member         ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, unsubstituted         or substitute C₃-C₈ carbocycle, unsubstituted or substituted         heterocycle comprising one or two 5- or 6-member ring and 1-4         heteroatoms selected from N, O and S.

For example, R_(c31) and R_(c32), together with the atom they attach to, form a 5- or 6-member ring selected from a pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, or morpholinyl, and is optionally substituted.

For example, T_(c4) is a bond.

For example, T_(c4) is unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl linker, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl linker.

For example, T_(c4) is a methyl linker.

For example, Q_(c4) is unsubstituted phenyl.

For example, Q_(c4) is heteroaryl selected from pyrrolyl, furanyl, thienyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, benzoxazolyl, benzodioxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzoimidazolyl, benzothienyl, methylenedioxyphenyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, naphthrydinyl, indolyl, benzofuranyl, purinyl, deazapurinyl, indolizinyl, imidazothiazolyl, and quinoxalinyl, and the like, and is optionally substituted.

For example, Q_(c4) is pyridinyl.

For example, Q_(c4) is cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, or cycloheptyl, and is optionally substituted.

For example, Q_(c4) is heterocycle selected from pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, triazolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, and pyrrolidinone, and the like, and is optionally substituted.

For example, Q_(c4) is morpholinyl.

For example, Q_(c4) is —C(O)R_(c34).

For example, R_(c34) is H.

For example, R_(c34) is phenyl and is optionally substituted.

For example, R_(c34) is heteroaryl selected from pyrrolyl, furanyl, thienyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, benzoxazolyl, benzodioxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzoimidazolyl, benzothienyl, methylenedioxyphenyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, naphthrydinyl, indolyl, benzofuranyl, purinyl, deazapurinyl, indolizinyl, imidazothiazolyl, and quinoxalinyl, and the like, and is optionally substituted.

For example, R_(c34) is cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, or cycloheptyl, and is optionally substituted.

For example, R_(c34) is heterocycle selected from pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, triazolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, and pyrrolidinone, and the like, and is optionally substituted.

For example, R_(c34) is pyrrolidinyl.

For example, R_(c31) and R_(c32), together with the atom they attach to, form a 5- or 6-member ring selected from pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, triazolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, and morpholinyl, and the like and is optionally substituted with two or more groups, any adjacent two of which, together with the atoms they attach to form a 5- or 6-member which optionally comprises 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S and is optionally substituted.

For example, R_(c31) and R_(c32), together with the atom they attach to, form a 5- or 6-member ring selected from pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, triazolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, and morpholinyl, and the like and is optionally substituted with two or more groups, any adjacent two of which, together with the atoms they attach to form a phenyl ring, which is optionally substituted.

For example, R_(c3) and R_(c4), together with the atoms they attach to, form a cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, or cycloheptyl, and is optionally substituted.

For example, R_(c3) and R_(c4), together with the atoms they attach to, form a heterocycle selected from pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, triazolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, and pyrrolidinone, and the like, and is optionally substituted.

For example, X₁-X₂ is CR_(w)R_(w)′—O.

For example, X₁-X₂ is CR_(w)R_(w)′—O where R_(w) and R_(w)′, together with the atom they attach to, form a ring.

For example, X₁-X₂ is CR_(w)R_(w)′—O where R_(w) and R_(w)′, together with the atom they attach to, form an unsubstituted or substituted heterocycle.

For example, X₁-X₂ is CR_(w)R_(w)′—O where R_(w) and R_(w)′, together with the atom they attach to, form an unsubstituted or substituted piperidine ring.

For example, X₁-X₂ is CH₂—NR_(y).

For example, R_(y) is H.

For example, R_(y) is unsubstituted phenyl.

For example, R_(y) is phenyl substituted with one, two, three or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, t-butoxy, and ethylenedioxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), —NHC(O)R_(akhr), —NHC(O)OR_(akhr), —C(O)R_(akhr), and —C(O)OR_(akhr), wherein R_(akhr) is H, or unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl).

For example, R_(y) is phenyl substituted with one, two, three or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine), methyl, ethyl, t-butyl, trifluoromethyl, methoxy, ethoxy, trifluoromethoxy, cyano, and —NHC(O)R_(akhr), wherein R_(akhr) is H, methyl, ethyl, or t-butyl.

For example, R_(y) is unsubstituted naphthyl.

For example, R_(y) is naphthyl substituted with one, two, three or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), —NHC(O)R_(akhr), —NHC(O)OR_(akhr), —C(O)R_(akhr), and —C(O)OR_(akhr), wherein R_(akhr) is H, or unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl).

For example, R_(y) is naphthyl substituted with one, two, three or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine).

For example, R_(y) is heteroaryl selected from pyrrolyl, furanyl, thienyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, triazinyl, benzoxazolyl, benzodioxazolyl, benzoxadiazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, benzoimidazolyl, benzothienyl, methylenedioxyphenyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, naphthrydinyl, indolyl, benzofuranyl, purinyl, deazapurinyl, indolizinyl, imidazothiazolyl, quinoxalinyl, and pyrrolopyrimidinyl, and the like, and is optionally substituted with one, two, three or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, unsubstituted or substituted amino, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), —NHC(O)R_(akhr), —NHC(O)OR_(akhr), —C(O)R_(akhr), and —C(O)OR_(akhr), wherein R_(akhr) is H, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl), unsubstituted or substituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl, or unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-member ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S.

For example, R_(y) is imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, pyrimidinyl, triazinyl, quinolinyl, purinyl, thienyl, quinolinyl, benzoxadiazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, benzothienyl, or pyrrolopyrimidiyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one, two, three or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from selected from halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine), amino, methyl, ethyl, t-butyl, trifluoromethyl, and —C(O)R_(akhr), wherein R_(akhr) is H, methyl, ethyl, t-butyl, or phenyl.

For example, R_(y) is cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, or cycloheptyl, and is optionally substituted with unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of or which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)).

For example, R_(y) is cyclopropyl.

For example, R_(y) is heterocycle selected from pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, triazolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, and pyrrolidinone, and the like, and is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)).

For example, R_(y) is —S(O)₂R₁, —C(O)R₁, —C(O)OR₁, —(CH₂)_(o)R₁.

For example, o is 0.

For example, o is 1.

For example, R₁ is H.

For example, R₁ is unsubstituted or substituted, straight-chain or branched C₁-C₆ alkyl, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl.

For example, R₁ is straight-chain or branched C₁-C₆ alkyl substituted with one, two, three or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from:

-   -   1) phenyl, which is optionally substituted with one or more         groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected         from unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl,         ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl,         s-pentyl, and n-hexyl), and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆         alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy,         i-butoxy, and t-butoxy);     -   2) unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy,         ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy);     -   3) —C(O)OR₁₁; —C(O)R₁₁; and     -   4) —NR₁₂R₁₃, wherein:         -   R₁₁ is H, or unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl;         -   R₁₂ and R₁₃ are each independently H, -T_(y2)-Q_(y2), or R₁₂             and R₁₃, together with the atom they attach to, form a 5- or             6-member ring;         -   T_(y2) is a bond, or unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆             alkyl linker;         -   Q_(y2) is H, hydroxyl, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆             alkoxy, unsubstituted or substituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl,             unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl comprising one or             two 5- or 6-member ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N,             O and S, unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₈ carbocycle,             unsubstituted or substituted heterocycle comprising one or             two 5- or 6-member ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N,             O and S, —NR_(akhr)R_(akhr)′, —C(O)R_(akhr), —C(O)OR_(akhr);             and         -   R_(akhr) and R_(akhr)′ are each independently H, or             unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, unsubstituted or             substituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl, or unsubstituted or substituted             heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-member ring and 1-4             heteroatoms selected from N, O and S.

For example, R₁ is methyl substitute with unsubstituted phenyl.

For example, R₁ is methyl substitute with phenyl substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)).

For example, R₁ is methyl substitute with methoxy, ethoxy, or t-butoxy.

For example, R₁ is methyl substitute with two or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from:

-   -   1) phenyl, which is optionally substituted with one or more         groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected         from hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, unsubstituted or         substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl,         i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and         n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen         (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), unsubstituted         or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy,         i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is         optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine,         bromine, and iodine)); and     -   2) one of the following:         -   i) —C(O)OR₁₁;         -   ii) methoxy, ethoxy, i-propyloxy, or t-butoxy; or         -   iii) —NR₁₂R₁₃.

For example, R₁ is methyl substitute with —C(O)OR₁₁.

For example, R_(H) is H.

For example, R₁₁ is unsubstituted or substituted, straight-chain or branched C₁-C₆ alkyl, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl.

For example, R₁ is methyl substitute with —NR₁₂R₁₃.

For example, both R₁₂ and R₁₃ are H.

For example, at least one of R₁₂ and R₁₃ is -T_(y2)-Q_(y2).

For example, T_(y2) is a bond.

For example, T_(y2) is unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl linker, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl linker.

For example, T_(y2) is a methyl, ethyl, or propyl linker.

For example, Q_(y2) is H.

For example, Q_(y2) is hydroxyl.

For example, Q_(y2) is unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy, including but not limited to, methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy.

For example, Q_(y2) is methoxy.

For example, Q_(y2) is unsubstituted or substituted phenyl or naphthyl.

For example, Q_(y2) is unsubstituted phenyl.

For example, Q_(y2) is phenyl substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)).

For example, Q_(y2) is heteroaryl selected from pyrrolyl, furanyl, thienyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, benzoxazolyl, benzodioxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzoimidazolyl, benzothienyl, methylenedioxyphenyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, naphthrydinyl, indolyl, benzofuranyl, purinyl, deazapurinyl, indolizinyl, imidazothiazolyl, and quinoxalinyl, and the like, and is optionally substituted.

For example, Q_(y2) is indolyl.

For example, Q_(y2) is cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, or cycloheptyl, and is optionally substituted.

For example, Q_(y2) is heterocycle selected from pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, triazolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, and pyrrolidinone, and the like, and is optionally substituted.

For example, Q_(y2) is piperidinyl.

For example, Q_(y2) is —NR_(akhr)R_(akhr)′.

For example, Q_(y2) is —C(O)OR_(akhr).

For example, both R_(akhr) and R_(akhr)′ are H.

For example, at least one of R_(akhr) and R_(akhr)′ is unsubstituted or substituted, straight-chain or branched C₁-C₆ alkyl, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl.

For example, at least one of R_(akhr) and R_(akhr)′ is methyl or t-butyl.

For example, R₁₂ and R₁₃, together with the atom they attach to, form a 5- or 6-member ring selected from pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, triazolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, and morpholinyl, and the like, and is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine), unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl), unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy), unsubstituted or substituted amino, —C(O)R_(akhr), or —C(O)OR_(akhr), wherein R_(akhr) is H, or unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl).

For example, R₁₂ and R₁₃, together with the atom they attach to, form a piperidinyl or piperazinyl, and is optionally substituted with halogen, methyl, ethyl, t-butyl, methoxy, ethoxy, i-propyloxy, t-butoxy, or —C(O)OR_(akhr), wherein R_(akhr) is methyl, ethyl, or t-butyl.

For example, R₁ is -T_(y1)-Q_(y1).

For example, T_(y1) is a bond.

For example, T_(y1) is unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl linker, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl linker.

For example, T_(y1) is a methyl, ethyl, propyl, or i-propyl linker.

For example, Q_(y1) is H.

For example, Q_(y1) is unsubstituted phenyl.

For example, Q_(y1) is phenyl substituted with one, two, three or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, t-butoxy, and ethylenedioxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), —NHC(O)R_(akhr), —NHC(O)OR_(akhr), —C(O)R_(akhr), and —C(O)OR_(akhr), wherein R_(akhr) is H, or unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl).

For example, Q_(y1) is phenyl substituted with one, two, three or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine), methyl, ethyl, t-butyl, trifluoromethyl, methoxy, ethoxy, trifluoromethoxy, cyano, and —NHC(O)R_(akhr), wherein R_(akhr) is H, methyl, ethyl, or t-butyl.

For example, Q_(y1) is unsubstituted naphthyl.

For example, Q_(y1) is naphthyl substituted with one, two, three or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), —NHC(O)R_(akhr), —NHC(O)OR_(akhr), —C(O)R_(akhr), and —C(O)OR_(akhr), wherein R_(ater) is H, or unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl).

For example, Q_(y1) is naphthyl substituted with one, two, three or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine).

For example, Q_(y1) is heteroaryl selected from pyrrolyl, furanyl, thienyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, triazinyl, benzoxazolyl, benzodioxazolyl, benzoxadiazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, benzoimidazolyl, benzothienyl, methylenedioxyphenyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, naphthrydinyl, indolyl, benzofuranyl, purinyl, deazapurinyl, indolizinyl, imidazothiazolyl, quinoxalinyl, and pyrrolopyrimidinyl, and the like, and is optionally substituted with one, two, three or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, unsubstituted or substituted amino, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), —NHC(O)R_(akhr), —NHC(O)OR_(akhr), —C(O)R_(akhr), and —C(O)OR_(akhr), wherein R_(akhr) is H, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl), unsubstituted or substituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl, or unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-member ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S.

For example, Q_(y1) is imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, pyrimidinyl, triazinyl, quinolinyl, purinyl, thienyl, quinolinyl, benzoxadiazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, benzothienyl, or pyrrolopyrimidiyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one, two, three or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from selected from halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine), amino, methyl, ethyl, t-butyl, trifluoromethyl, and —C(O)R_(akhr), wherein R_(akhr) is H, methyl, ethyl, t-butyl, or phenyl.

For example, Q_(y1) is cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, or cycloheptyl, and is optionally substituted with unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of or which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)).

For example, Q_(y1) is cyclopropyl.

For example, Q_(y1) is heterocycle selected from pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, triazolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, and pyrrolidinone, and the like, and is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)).

For example, R_(y) is —C(═NH)NR₂R₂′.

For example, both R₂ and R₂′ are H.

For example, R_(y) is —C(S)NR₂R₂′.

For example, both R₂ and R₂′ are phenyl.

For example, R_(y) is —C(═NH)NR₂R₂′, —C(O)NR₂R₂′, or —C(S)NR₂R₂′.

For example, both R₂ and R₂′ are H.

For example, at least one of R₂ and R₂′ is unsubstituted or substituted, straight-chain or branched C₁-C₆ alkyl, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl.

For example, at least one of R₂ and R₂′ is -T_(y3)-Q_(y3).

For example, T_(y3) is a bond.

For example, T_(y3) is unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl linker, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, n-hexyl, and 2-methylpropyl linker.

For example, T_(y3) is a methyl, ethyl, propyl, or 2-methylpropyl linker.

For example, Q_(y3) is H.

For example, Q_(y3) is unsubstituted phenyl.

For example, Q_(y3) is phenyl substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from -T_(y4)-Q_(y4), wherein:

-   -   T_(y4), T_(y5) and T_(y6) are each independently a bond, or         unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl linker;     -   Q_(y4) is H, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl,         unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy, halogen, nitro,         unsubstituted or substituted phenyl, unsubstituted or         substituted heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-member ring         and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, unsubstituted or         substituted C₃-C₈ carbocycle, unsubstituted or substituted         heterocycle comprising one or two 5- or 6-member ring and 1-4         heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, —NR₃₂R₃₂′, —NHC(O)R₃₂,         —NHC(O)OR₃₂, —C(O)_(R32), —C(O)OR₃₂, —OR₃₂, —SR₃₂,         —C(O)NR₃₂R₃₂′;     -   R₃₂ and R₃₂′ are each independently H, unsubstituted or         substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted phenyl,         unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl comprising one or two 5-         or 6-member ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S,         -T_(y5)-Q_(y5), or R₃₂ and R₃₂′, together with the atom they         attach to, form a 5- or 6-member ring which optionally comprises         1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S and is optionally         substituted with -T_(y6)-Q_(y6);     -   Q_(y5) is H, hydroxyl, unsubstituted or substituted phenyl,         unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl comprising one or two 5-         or 6-member ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S,         unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₈ carbocycle, unsubstituted or         substituted heterocycle comprising one or two 5- or 6-member         ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, —OR_(akhr),         —NR_(akhr)R_(akhr)′, —NHC(O)R_(akhr), —NHC(O)OR_(akhr),         —C(O)NR_(akhr)R_(akhr)′, —C(O)R_(akhr), or —C(O)OR_(akhr);     -   Q_(y6) is H, hydroxyl, unsubstituted or substituted phenyl,         unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl comprising one or two 5-         or 6-member ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S,         unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₈ carbocycle, unsubstituted or         substituted heterocycle comprising one or two 5- or 6-member         ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S,         —NR_(akhr)R_(akhr)′, —C(O)NR₃₄R₃₄′;     -   R_(akhr) and R_(akhr)′ are each independently H, unsubstituted         or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted C₆-C₁₀         aryl, or unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl comprising one         or two 5- or 6-member ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N,         O and S;     -   R₃₄ and R₃₄′ are each independently H, unsubstituted or         substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, or R₃₄ and R₃₄′, together with the atom         they attach to, form a 5- or 6-member ring which optionally         comprises 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S and is         optionally substituted.

For example, T_(y4) is a bond.

For example, T_(y4) is unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl linker, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl linker.

For example, T_(y4) is a methyl or t-butyl linker.

For example, Q_(y4) is H.

For example, Q_(y4) is unsubstituted or substituted, straight-chain or branched C₁-C₆ alkyl, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine).

For example, Q_(y4) is methyl, ethyl, t-butyl, or trifluoromethyl.

For example, Q_(y4) is unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy, including but not limited to, methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, t-butoxy, and methylenedioxy.

For example, Q_(y4) is methoxy, ethoxy, or methylenedioxy.

For example, Q_(y4) is fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine.

For example, Q_(y4) is unsubstituted phenyl.

For example, Q_(y4) is phenyl substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, t-butoxy, and ethylenedioxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)).

For example, Q_(y4) is heteroaryl selected from heteroaryl selected from pyrrolyl, furanyl, thienyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, triazinyl, benzoxazolyl, benzodioxazolyl, benzoxadiazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, benzoimidazolyl, benzothienyl, methylenedioxyphenyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, naphthrydinyl, indolyl, benzofuranyl, purinyl, deazapurinyl, indolizinyl, imidazothiazolyl, quinoxalinyl, and pyrrolopyrimidinyl, and the like, and is optionally substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, unsubstituted or substituted amino, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)).

For example, Q_(y4) is thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, or oxadiazolyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from methyl, ethyl, and t-butyl.

For example, Q_(y4) is cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, or cycloheptyl, and is optionally substituted.

For example, Q_(y4) is heterocycle selected from pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, triazolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, and pyrrolidinone, and the like, and is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)).

For example, Q_(y4) is piperazinyl or piperazinyl, and is optionally substituted with methyl, ethyl, or t-butyl.

For example, Q_(y4) is —NR₃₂R₃₂′.

For example, both R₃₂ and R₃₂′ are H.

For example, at least one of R₃₂ and R₃₂′ is unsubstituted or substituted, straight-chain or branched C₁-C₆ alkyl, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl.

For example, at least one of R₃₂ and R₃₂′ is methyl or ethyl.

For example, R₃₂ and R₃₂′ are both methyl or ethyl.

For example, Q_(y4) is —OR₃₂ or —SR₃₂.

For example, R₃₂ is H.

For example, R₃₂ is unsubstituted or substituted, straight-chain or branched C₁-C₆ alkyl, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine).

For example, R₃₂ is methyl, ethyl, t-butyl, or trifluoromethyl.

For example, R₃₂ is unsubstituted phenyl.

For example, R₃₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, t-butoxy, and ethylenedioxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)).

For example, R₃₂ is heteroaryl selected from pyrrolyl, furanyl, thienyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, triazinyl, benzoxazolyl, benzodioxazolyl, benzoxadiazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, benzoimidazolyl, benzothienyl, methylenedioxyphenyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, naphthrydinyl, indolyl, benzofuranyl, purinyl, deazapurinyl, indolizinyl, imidazothiazolyl, and quinoxalinyl, and the like, and is optionally substituted with one, two or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, unsubstituted or substituted amino, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)).

For example, R₃₂ is pyrazinyl, and is optionally substituted with methyl, ethyl or t-butyl.

For example, Q_(y4) is —C(O)R₃₂, —C(O)OR₃₂.

For example, R₃₂ is H.

For example, R₃₂ is unsubstituted or substituted, straight-chain or branched C₁-C₆ alkyl, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl.

For example, R₃₂ is methyl or ethyl.

For example, Q_(y4) is —NHC(O)R₃₂, —NHC(O)OR₃₂, or —C(O)NR₃₂R₃₂′.

For example, Q_(y4) is —C(O)NR₃₂R₃₂′.

For example, both R₃₂ and R₃₂′ are H.

For example, at least one of R₃₂ and R₃₂′ is -T_(y5)-Q_(y5).

For example, T_(y5) is a bond.

For example, T_(y5) is unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl linker, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, n-hexyl, 1,2-dimethylpropyl, and 1-methylbutyl linker.

For example, T_(y5) is a methyl, ethyl, propyl, i-propyl, butyl, 1,2-dimethylpropyl, or 1-methylbutyl linker.

For example, Q_(y5) is H.

For example, Q_(y5) is unsubstituted phenyl.

For example, Q_(y5) is phenyl substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, t-butoxy, and ethylenedioxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), unsubstituted or substituted C₆-C₁₀ aryloxy (e.g., phenoxy), and —NHC(O)R_(akhr), wherein R_(akhr) is H, or unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl).

For example, Q_(y5) is phenyl substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine), methyl, ethyl, t-butyl, trifluoromethyl, methoxy, ethoxy, t-butoxy, phenoxy, and —NHC(O)R_(akhr), wherein R_(akhr) is H, methyl or ethyl.

For example, Q_(y5) is heteroaryl selected from pyrrolyl, furanyl, thienyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, triazinyl, benzoxazolyl, benzodioxazolyl, benzoxadiazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, benzoimidazolyl, benzothienyl, methylenedioxyphenyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, naphthrydinyl, indolyl, benzofuranyl, purinyl, deazapurinyl, indolizinyl, imidazothiazolyl, quinoxalinyl, and pyrrolopyrimidinyl, and the like, and is optionally substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, unsubstituted or substituted amino, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)).

For example, Q_(y5) is pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxazolyl, pyridinyl, furanyl, indolyl, or benzoimidazolyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from methyl or ethyl.

For example, Q_(y5) is cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, or cycloheptyl, and is optionally substituted with unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of or which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)).

For example, Q_(y5) is cyclohexyl or cycloheptyl, which is optionally substituted with methyl or ethyl.

For example, Q_(y5) is heterocycle selected from pyrrolidinyl, pyrrolidinone, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, triazolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, and pyrrolidinone, and the like, and is optionally substituted.

For example, Q_(y5) is pyrrolidinyl, pyrrolidinone, piperidinyl, morpholinyl, or tetrahydrofuranyl, and is optionally substituted.

For example, Q_(y5) is —OR_(akhr).

For example, R_(akhr) is H.

For example, R_(akhr) is unsubstituted or substituted, straight-chain or branched C₁-C₆ alkyl, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl.

For example, R_(akhr) is methyl, ethyl, or t-butyl.

For example, R_(akhr) is unsubstituted phenyl.

For example, R_(akhr) is phenyl substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, t-butoxy, and ethylenedioxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)).

For example, Q_(y5) is —NR_(akhr)R_(akhr)′, —NHC(O)R_(akhr), —NHC(O)OR_(akhr), —C(O)NR_(akhr)R_(akhr), —C(O)R_(akhr), or —C(O)OR_(akhr).

For example, Q_(y5) is —NR_(akhr)R_(akhr)′, —NHC(O)R_(akhr), or —C(O)NR_(akhr)R_(akhr)′.

For example, both R_(akhr) and R_(akhr)′ are H.

For example, at least one of R_(akhr) and R_(akhr)′ is unsubstituted or substituted, straight-chain or branched C₁-C₆ alkyl, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl.

For example, at least one of R_(akhr) and R_(akhr)′ is methyl or ethyl.

For example, R_(akhr) and R_(akhr)′ are both methyl or ethyl.

For example, R₃₂ and R₃₂′, together with the atom they attach to, form a 5- or 6-member ring selected from pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, triazolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl and is optionally substituted with -T_(y6)-Q_(y6).

For example, R₃₂ and R₃₂′, together with the atom they attach to, form a 5- or 6-member ring selected from pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, and piperazinyl, and is optionally substituted with -T_(y6)-Q_(y6).

For example, T_(y6) is a bond.

For example, T_(y6) is unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl linker, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl linker.

For example, T_(y6) is a methyl or ethyl linker.

For example, Q_(y6) is H.

For example, Q_(y6) is unsubstituted phenyl.

For example, Q_(y6) is phenyl substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, t-butoxy, and ethylenedioxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)).

For example, Q_(y6) is phenyl substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from methyl, ethyl, and t-butyl.

For example, Q_(y6) is heteroaryl selected from pyrrolyl, furanyl, thienyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, triazinyl, benzoxazolyl, benzodioxazolyl, benzoxadiazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, benzoimidazolyl, benzothienyl, methylenedioxyphenyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, naphthrydinyl, indolyl, benzofuranyl, purinyl, deazapurinyl, indolizinyl, imidazothiazolyl, quinoxalinyl, benzodihydroimidazolone, and pyrrolopyrimidinyl, and the like, and is optionally substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, unsubstituted or substituted amino, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)).

For example, Q_(y6) is pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, or benzodihydroimidazolone, each of which is optionally substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from methyl or ethyl.

For example, Q_(y6) is cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, or cycloheptyl, and is optionally substituted with unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of or which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)).

For example, Q_(y6) is heterocycle selected from pyrrolidinyl, pyrrolidinone, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, triazolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, and pyrrolidinone, and the like, and is optionally substituted.

For example, Q_(y6) is —NR_(akhr)R_(akhr)′.

For example, both R_(akhr) and R_(akhr)′ are H.

For example, at least one of R_(akhr) and R_(akhr)′ is unsubstituted or substituted, straight-chain or branched C₁-C₆ alkyl, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl.

For example, at least one of R_(akhr) and R_(akhr)′ is methyl or ethyl.

For example, R_(akhr) and R_(akhr)′ are both methyl or ethyl.

For example, Q_(y6) is —C(O)NR₃₄R₃₄′.

For example, R₃₄ and R₃₄′ are both H.

For example, at least one of R₃₄ and R₃₄′ is unsubstituted or substituted, straight-chain or branched C₁-C₆ alkyl, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl.

For example, R₃₄ and R₃₄′, together with the atom they attach to, form a 5- or 6-member ring selected from pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, triazolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl and is optionally substituted.

For example, R₃₄ and R₃₄′, together with the atom they attach to, form a pyrrolidinyl ring, and is optionally substituted.

For example, Q_(y3) is unsubstituted naphthyl.

For example, Q_(y3) is heteroaryl selected from pyrrolyl, furanyl, thienyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, triazinyl, benzoxazolyl, benzodioxazolyl, benzoxadiazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, benzoimidazolyl, benzothienyl, methylenedioxyphenyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, naphthrydinyl, indolyl, benzofuranyl, purinyl, deazapurinyl, indolizinyl, imidazothiazolyl, quinoxalinyl, dihydrobenzofuranyl, and pyrrolopyrimidinyl, and the like, and is optionally substituted with one, two or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, unsubstituted or substituted amino, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), and unsubstituted or substituted phenyl.

For example, Q_(y3) is oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, triazinyl, thienyl, benzothiadiazolyl, or dihydrobenzofuranyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one, two or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine), methyl, ethyl, t-butyl, trifluoromethyl, and phenyl.

For example, Q_(y3) is cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, or cycloheptyl, and is optionally substituted with unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of or which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)).

For example, Q_(y3) is cyclohexyl.

For example, Q_(y3) is heterocycle selected from pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, triazolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, and pyrrolidinone, and the like, and is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)).

For example, Q_(y3) is —C(O)OR₃₁, —C(O)R₃₁, —C(O)NR₃₁R₃₁′, or —NR₃₁R₃₁′.

For example, Q_(y3) is —C(O)OR₃₁ or —NR₃₁R₃₁′.

For example, R₃₁ and R₃₁′ are both H.

For example, at least one of R₃₁ and R₃₁′ is unsubstituted or substituted, straight-chain or branched C₁-C₆ alkyl, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine), hydroxyl, or unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy).

For example, at least one of R₃₁ and R₃₁′ is methyl or ethyl optionally substituted with hydroxyl.

For example, R₂ and R₂′, together with the atom they attach to, form a 5-, 6- or 7-member ring selected from pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, triazolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, azepanyl, and diazepanyl, and the like and is optionally substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from -T_(y7)-Q_(y7), wherein:

-   -   T_(y7) is a bond, or unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl         linker;     -   Q_(y7) is H, unsubstituted or substituted phenyl, unsubstituted         or substituted heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-member         ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, unsubstituted         or substitute C₃-C₈ carbocycle, unsubstituted or substituted         heterocycle comprising one or two 5- or 6-member ring and 1-4         heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, —C(O)NR₃₃R₃₃′,         —C(O)ONR₃₃R₃₃′, or —NR₃₃R₃₃′; and     -   R₃₃ and R₃₃′ are each independently H, unsubstituted or         substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted phenyl,         unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl comprising one or two 5-         or 6-member ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S,         unsubstituted or substitute C₃-C₈ carbocycle, unsubstituted or         substituted heterocycle comprising one or two 5- or 6-member         ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, or R₃₃ and         R₃₃′, together with the atom they attach to, form a 5- or         6-member ring which optionally comprises 1-4 heteroatoms         selected from N, O and S and is optionally substituted.

For example, R₂ and R₂′, together with the atom they attach to, form a 5-, 6- or 7-member ring selected from piperidinyl, piperazinyl, pyrrolidinyl, and diazepanyl, and is optionally substituted with -T_(y7)-Q_(y7).

For example, T_(y7) is a bond.

For example, T_(y7) is unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl linker, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl linker.

For example, T_(y7) is a methyl, ethyl, or propyl linker.

For example, Q_(y7) is H.

For example, Q_(y7) is unsubstituted phenyl.

For example, Q_(y7) is phenyl substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, t-butoxy, and ethylenedioxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)).

For example, Q_(y7) is phenyl substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine), methyl, ethyl, -t-butyl, methoxy, ethoxy and t-butoxy.

For example, Q_(y7) is —C(O)NR₃₃R₃₃′ or —NR₃₃R₃₃′

For example, R₃₃ and R₃₃′ are both H.

For example, at least one of R₃₃ and R₃₃′ is unsubstituted or substituted, straight-chain or branched C₁-C₆ alkyl, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl.

For example, at least one of R₃₃ and R₃₃′ is unsubstituted or substituted phenyl.

For example, at least one of R₃₃ and R₃₃′ is heteroaryl selected from pyrrolyl, furanyl, thienyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, triazinyl, benzoxazolyl, benzodioxazolyl, benzoxadiazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, benzoimidazolyl, benzothienyl, methylenedioxyphenyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, naphthrydinyl, indolyl, benzofuranyl, purinyl, deazapurinyl, indolizinyl, imidazothiazolyl, quinoxalinyl, and pyrrolopyrimidinyl, and the like, and is optionally substituted.

For example, at least one of R₃₃ and R₃₃′ is cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, or cycloheptyl, and is optionally substituted.

For example, at least one of R₃₃ and R₃₃′ is heterocycle selected from pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, triazolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, and pyrrolidinone, and the like, and is optionally substituted.

For example, R₃₃ and R₃₃′, together with the atom they attach to, form a 5- or 6-member ring selected from pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, triazolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, and pyrrolidinone, and the like, and is optionally substituted.

For example, R₃₃ and R₃₃′, together with the atom they attach to, form a 5- or 6-member ring selected from morpholinyl.

For example, X₁-X₂ is CH₂—CHR_(y)′.

For example, R_(y)′ is H.

For example, R_(y)′ is unsubstituted phenyl.

For example, R_(y)′ is phenyl substituted with one, two, three or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, t-butoxy, and ethylenedioxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), —NHC(O)R_(akhr), —NHC(O)OR_(akhr), —C(O)R_(akhr), and —C(O)OR_(akhr), wherein R_(akhr) is H, or unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl).

For example, R_(y)′ is phenyl substituted with one, two, three or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine), methyl, ethyl, t-butyl, trifluoromethyl, methoxy, ethoxy, trifluoromethoxy, cyano, and —NHC(O)R_(akhr), wherein R_(akhr) is H, methyl, ethyl, or t-butyl.

For example, R_(y)′ is unsubstituted naphthyl.

For example, R_(y)′ is naphthyl substituted with one, two, three or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), —NHC(O)R_(akhr), —NHC(O)OR_(akhr), —C(O)R_(akhr), and —C(O)OR_(akhr), wherein R_(akhr) is H, or unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl).

For example, R_(y)′ is naphthyl substituted with one, two, three or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine).

For example, R_(y)′ is heteroaryl selected from pyrrolyl, furanyl, thienyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, triazinyl, benzoxazolyl, benzodioxazolyl, benzoxadiazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, benzoimidazolyl, benzothienyl, methylenedioxyphenyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, naphthrydinyl, indolyl, benzofuranyl, purinyl, deazapurinyl, indolizinyl, imidazothiazolyl, quinoxalinyl, and pyrrolopyrimidinyl, and the like, and is optionally substituted with one, two, three or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, unsubstituted or substituted amino, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), —NHC(O)R_(akhr), —NHC(O)OR_(akhr), —C(O)R_(akhr), and —C(O)OR_(akhr), wherein R_(akhr) is H, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl), unsubstituted or substituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl, or unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-member ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S.

For example, R_(y)′ is imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, pyrimidinyl, triazinyl, quinolinyl, purinyl, thienyl, quinolinyl, benzoxadiazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, benzothienyl, or pyrrolopyrimidiyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one, two, three or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from selected from halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine), amino, methyl, ethyl, t-butyl, trifluoromethyl, and —C(O)R_(akhr), wherein R_(akhr) is H, methyl, ethyl, t-butyl, or phenyl.

For example, R_(y)′ is cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, or cycloheptyl, and is optionally substituted with unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of or which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)).

For example, R_(y)′ is heterocycle selected from pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, triazolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, and pyrrolidinone, and the like, and is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)).

For example, R₃″ is H.

For example, R₃″ is unsubstituted or substituted, straight-chain or branched C₁-C₆ alkyl, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl.

For example, both R₃ and R₃′ are H.

For example, at least one of R₃ and R₃′ is -T_(y1)′-Q_(y1)′.

For example, T_(y1)′ is a bond.

For example, T_(y1)′ is unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl linker, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl linker.

For example, T_(y1)′ is a methyl, ethyl, propyl, or t-butyl linker.

For example, Q_(y1)′ is H.

For example, Q_(y1)′ is unsubstituted phenyl.

For example, Q_(y1)′ is phenyl substituted with one, two or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, t-butoxy, methylenedioxy, and ethylenedioxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), unsubstituted or substituted phenyl, unsubstituted or substituted C₆-C₁₀ aryloxy (e.g., phenoxy), —NR_(akhr)R_(akhr)′, —C(O)R_(akhr)R_(akhr)′, —S(O)₂R_(akhr), and —NHC(O)R_(akhr)R_(akhr)′, wherein R_(akhr) and R_(akhr)′ are each independently H, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl)

For example, Q_(y1)′ is phenyl substituted with one, two or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine.

For example, Q_(y1)′ is phenyl substituted with one, two or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from methyl, ethyl, t-butyl, and trifluoromethyl.

For example, Q_(y1)′ is phenyl substituted with one, two or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from methoxy, ethoxy, trifluoromethoxy, and ethylenedioxy.

For example, Q_(y1)′ is phenyl substituted with one, two or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from —NR_(akhr)R_(akhr)′, —C(O)R_(akhr)R_(akhr)′, —S(O)₂R_(akhr), and —NHC(O)R_(akhr)R_(akhr)′, wherein at least one of R_(akhr) and R_(akhr)′ is methyl or ethyl.

For example, Q_(y1)′ is phenyl substituted with one, two or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, methyl, ethyl, t-butyl, trifluoromethyl, methoxy, ethoxy, trifluoromethoxy, phenyl, phenoxy, —NR_(akhr)R_(akhr)′, —C(O)R_(akhr)R_(akhr)′, —S(O)₂R_(akhr), and —NHC(O)R_(akhr)R_(akhr)′, wherein at least one of R_(akhr) and R_(akhr)′ is methyl or ethyl.

For example, Q_(y1)′ is unsubstituted naphthyl.

For example, Q_(y1)′ is naphthyl substituted with one, two or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)).

For example, Q_(y1)′ is naphthyl substituted with one, two or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from methyl, ethyl, and halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine).

For example, Q_(y1)′ is fluorenyl, and is optionally substituted.

For example, Q_(y1)′ is dihydroindenyl, and is optionally substituted.

For example, Q_(y1)′ is heteroaryl selected from pyrrolyl, furanyl, thienyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, triazinyl, benzoxazolyl, benzoisoxazolyl, benzodioxazolyl, benzoxadiazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, benzoimidazolyl, benzothienyl, methylenedioxyphenyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, naphthrydinyl, indolyl, benzofuranyl, purinyl, purinone, deazapurinyl, indolizinyl, imidazothiazolyl, dihydrobenzofuranyl, quinoxalinyl, and pyrrolopyrimidinyl, and the like, and is optionally substituted with one, two or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen, unsubstituted or substituted amino, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), unsubstituted or substituted C₆-C₁₀ aryloxy (e.g., phenoxy), and unsubstituted or substituted phenyl.

For example, Q_(y1)′ is oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, triazinyl, thienyl, purinyl, purinone, quinolinyl, benzothienyl, benzoxazolyl, benzoisoxazolyl, benzoxadiazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, pyrrolopyrimidinyl, or dihydrobenzofuranyl, each of which is substituted with one, two or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine), methyl, ethyl, amino, phenyl, and phenoxy.

For example, Q_(y1)′ is —C(O)OR₂₁, —C(O)R₂₁, —C(O)NR₂₁R₂₁′, or —NR₂₁R₂₁′.

For example, Q_(y1)′ is —C(O)OR₂₁.

For example, R₂₁ is H.

For example, R₂₁ is unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl.

For example, R₂₁ is methyl or ethyl.

For example, X₁-X₂ is X₁′-X₂′;

For example, X₁′-X₂′ is CHR_(xa1)-CHR_(xa2), CHR_(xb)—O, O—CHR_(xb), CHR_(xc), CHR_(xd1)-CHR_(xd2)-CHR_(xd3), CHR_(xe1)-CHR_(xe2)—O, O—CHR_(xe1)-CHR_(xe2), CHR_(xe1)—O—CHR_(xe2), CHR_(xf)—S, or S—CHR_(xf);

For example, both R_(xa1) and R_(xa2) are H.

For example, at least one of R_(xa1) and R_(xa2) is unsubstituted or substituted, straight-chain or branched C₁-C₆ alkyl, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, -butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine).

For example, at least one of R_(xa1) and R_(xa2) is methyl, which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine).

For example, at least one of R_(xa1) and R_(xa2) is unsubstituted phenyl.

For example, at least one of R_(xa1) and R_(xa2) is phenyl substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)).

For example, at least one of R_(xa1) and R_(xa2) is phenyl substituted with two or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)).

For example, R_(xb) is H.

For example, R_(xb) is unsubstituted or substituted, straight-chain or branched C₁-C₆ alkyl, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, -butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl.

For example, R_(xb) is unsubstituted phenyl.

For example, R_(xb) is phenyl substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)).

For example, R_(xb) is phenyl substituted with two or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)).

For example, R_(xc) is H.

For example, R_(xc) is unsubstituted or substituted, straight-chain or branched C₁-C₆ alkyl, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, -butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl.

For example, R_(xc) is methyl.

For example, R_(xc) is unsubstituted phenyl.

For example, R_(xc) is phenyl substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)).

For example, R_(xc) is phenyl substituted with two or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)).

For example, all of R_(xd1), R_(xd2) and R_(xd3) are H.

For example, at least one of R_(xd1), R_(xd2) and R_(xd3) is unsubstituted or substituted, straight-chain or branched C₁-C₆ alkyl, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, -butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl.

For example, at least one of R_(xd1), R_(xd2) and R_(xd3) is unsubstituted phenyl.

For example, at least one of R_(xd1), R_(xd2) and R_(xd3) is phenyl substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)).

For example, at least one of R_(xd1), R_(xd2) and R_(xd3) is phenyl substituted with two or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)).

For example, both R_(xe1) and R_(xe2) are H.

For example, at least one of R_(xe1) and R_(xe2) is unsubstituted or substituted, straight-chain or branched C₁-C₆ alkyl, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, -butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl.

For example, at least one of R_(xe1) and R_(xe2) is unsubstituted phenyl.

For example, at least one of R_(xe1) and R_(xe2) is phenyl substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)).

For example, at least one of R_(xe1) and R_(xe2) is phenyl substituted with two or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)).

For example, R_(xf) is H.

For example, R_(xf) is unsubstituted or substituted, straight-chain or branched C₁-C₆ alkyl, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, -butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl.

For example, R_(xf) is unsubstituted phenyl.

For example, R_(xf) is phenyl substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)).

For example, R_(xf) is phenyl substituted with two or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)).

The present invention also provides the compounds of Formula II:

or a salt, solvate, hydrate or prodrug thereof, wherein:

R_(c1) is H, halogen, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted phenyl, or unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-member ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S;

R_(c2) is H, or unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl;

each R_(p) is independently halogen, hydroxyl, cyano, nitro, amino, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, —C(O)R_(akhr), —C(O)OR_(akhr), —NHC(O)R_(akhr), —NHC(O)OR_(akhr);

n is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4;

X₁′-X₂′ is CHR_(xa1)-CHR_(xa2), CHR_(xb)—O, O—CHR_(xb), CHR_(xc), CHR_(xd1)-CHR_(xd2)-CHR_(xd3), CHR_(xe1)-CHR_(xe2)—O, O—CHR_(xe1)-CHR_(xe2), CHR_(xe1)—O—CHR_(xe2), CHR_(xf)—S, S—CHR_(xf), CHR_(xe1)-CHR_(xe2)—NR_(y), CHR_(xe1)—NR_(y)—CHR_(xe2) or NR_(y)—CHR_(xe1)-CHR_(xe2);

R_(xa1), R_(xa2), R_(xb), R_(xc), R_(xd1), R_(xd2), R_(xd3), R_(xe1), R_(xe2), or R_(xf) are each independently H, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, or unsubstituted or substituted phenyl; and

R_(akhr) is H, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl, or unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-member ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S.

For example, R_(c1) is H.

For example, R_(c1) is fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine.

For example, R_(c1) is unsubstituted or substituted, straight chain or branched C₁-C₆ alkyl, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl.

For example, R_(c1) is methyl.

For example, R_(c1) is unsubstituted phenyl.

For example, R_(c1) is phenyl substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), and -T_(c1)-Q_(c1), wherein:

-   -   T_(c1) is a bond, or unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl         linker;     -   Q_(c1) is H, —NR_(c11)R_(c11)′, —C(O)NR_(c11)R_(c11)′,         —NHC(O)R_(c11), —NHC(O)OR_(c11), —NHC(O)NR_(c11)R_(c11)′, or         —S(O)₂R_(c11); and     -   R_(c11) and R_(c11)′ are each independently H, or unsubstituted         or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl.

For example, R_(c1) is phenyl substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from -T_(c1)-Q_(c1).

For example, T_(c1) is a bond.

For example, T_(c1) is unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl linker, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl linker.

For example, T_(c1) is a methyl linker.

For example, Q_(c1) is H.

For example, both R_(c11) and R_(c11)′ are H.

For example, at least one of R_(c11) and R_(c11)′ is unsubstituted or substituted, straight-chain or branched C₁-C₆ alkyl, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl.

For example, at least one of R_(c11) and R_(c11)′ is methyl, ethyl or t-butyl.

For example, R_(c1) is phenyl substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from methyl, ethyl, t-butyl and trifluoromethyl.

For example, R_(c1) is phenyl substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from methoxy, t-butoxy and trifluoromethoxy.

For example, R_(c1) is phenyl substituted with two or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, cyano, methyl, ethyl, t-butyl, trifluoromethyl, methoxy, t-butoxy, trifluoromethoxy, and halogen.

For example, R_(c1) is heteroaryl selected from pyrrolyl, furanyl, thienyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, benzoxazolyl, benzodioxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzoimidazolyl, benzothienyl, methylenedioxyphenyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, naphthrydinyl, indolyl, benzofuranyl, purinyl, deazapurinyl, indolizinyl, imidazothiazolyl, quinoxalinyl, tetrahydropyridinyl, pyrrolopyrimidinyl, and the like, and is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine), unsubstituted or substituted amino, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine)), C₆-C₁₀ aryl (e.g., phenyl, which is optionally substituted), heteroaryl (e.g., pyrrolyl, furanyl, thiophenyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, and pyrimidinyl, and the like, and is optionally substituted), C₃-C₈ carbocycle (e.g., cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, or cycloheptyl, and is optionally substituted), or heterocycle (e.g., pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, triazolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, and morpholinyl, and the like, and is optionally substituted).

For example, R_(c1) is heteroaryl selected from furanyl, pyrazolyl, purinyl, indolyl, tetrahydropyridinyl, and pyrrolopyrimidinyl, and is optionally substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same of different, selected from methyl, ethyl, t-butyl, amino, and heterocycle (e.g., piperidinyl, which is optionally substituted with e.g., C(O)O—(C₁-C₆alkyl)).

For example, R_(c2) is H.

For example, R_(c2) is unsubstituted or substituted, straight-chain or branched C₁-C₆ alkyl, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl.

For example, R_(c2) is methyl substituted with unsubstituted phenyl.

For example, R_(c2) is methyl substituted with phenyl substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)).

For example, R_(c2) is methyl substituted with phenyl substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from methyl, ethyl, t-butyl, and trifluoromethyl.

For example, R_(c2) is methyl substituted with phenyl substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from methoxy, ethoxy, i-propyloxy, and t-butoxy. For example, R_(c2) is methyl substituted with phenyl substituted with one methoxy.

For example, n is 0.

For example, n is 1.

For example, n is 2.

For example, each R_(p) is independently fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine.

For example, each R_(p) is independently unsubstituted or substituted, straight-chain or branched C₁-C₆ alkyl, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, -butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl.

For example, each R_(p) is independently unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy, including but not limited to, methoxy, ethoxy, n-propyloxy, i-propyloxy, n-butoxy, t-butoxy.

For example, each R_(p) is independently —NHC(O)R_(akhr).

For example, R_(akhr) is H.

For example, R_(akhr) is unsubstituted or substituted, straight-chain or branched C₁-C₆ alkyl, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, -butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl.

For example, R_(akhr) is methyl.

For example, at least one R_(p) is hydroxyl, methyl, ethyl, t-butyl, trifluoromethyl, methoxy, ethoxy, i-propyloxy, t-butoxy, nitro, halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine), or —NHC(O)R_(akhr), wherein R_(akhr) is methyl.

For example, at least two R_(p), each of which is independent from the other, are hydroxyl, methyl, ethyl, t-butyl, trifluoromethyl, methoxy, ethoxy, i-propyloxy, t-butoxy, nitro, halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine), or —NHC(O)R_(akhr), wherein R_(akhr) is methyl.

For example, at least three R_(p), each of which is independent from the other, are hydroxyl, methyl, ethyl, t-butyl, trifluoromethyl, methoxy, ethoxy, i-propyloxy, t-butoxy, nitro, halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine), or —NHC(O)R_(akhr), wherein R_(akhr) is methyl.

For example, both R_(xa1) and R_(xa2) are H.

For example, at least one of R_(xa1) and R_(xa2) is unsubstituted or substituted, straight-chain or branched C₁-C₆ alkyl, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, -butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine).

For example, at least one of R_(xa1) and R_(xa2) is methyl, which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine).

For example, at least one of R_(xa1) and R_(xa2) is unsubstituted phenyl.

For example, at least one of R_(xa1) and R_(xa2) is phenyl substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)).

For example, at least one of R_(xa1) and R_(xa2) is phenyl substituted with two or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)).

For example, R_(xb) is H.

For example, R_(xb) is unsubstituted or substituted, straight-chain or branched C₁-C₆ alkyl, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, -butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl.

For example, R_(xb) is unsubstituted phenyl.

For example, R_(xb) is phenyl substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)).

For example, R_(xb) is phenyl substituted with two or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)).

For example, R_(xc) is H.

For example, R_(xc) is unsubstituted or substituted, straight-chain or branched C₁-C₆ alkyl, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, -butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl.

For example, R_(xc) is methyl.

For example, R_(xc) is unsubstituted phenyl.

For example, R_(xc) is phenyl substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)).

For example, R_(xc) is phenyl substituted with two or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)).

For example, all of R_(xd1), R_(xd2) and R_(xd3) are H.

For example, at least one of R_(xd1), R_(xd2) and R_(xd3) is unsubstituted or substituted, straight-chain or branched C₁-C₆ alkyl, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, -butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl.

For example, at least one of R_(xd1), R_(xd2) and R_(xd3) is unsubstituted phenyl.

For example, at least one of R_(xd1), R_(xd2) and R_(xd3) is phenyl substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)).

For example, at least one of R_(xd1), R_(xd2) and R_(xd3) is phenyl substituted with two or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)).

For example, both R_(xe1) and R_(xe2) are H.

For example, at least one of R_(xe1) and R_(xe2) is unsubstituted or substituted, straight-chain or branched C₁-C₆ alkyl, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, -butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl.

For example, at least one of R_(xe1) and R_(xe2) is unsubstituted phenyl.

For example, at least one of R_(xe1) and R_(xe2) is phenyl substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)).

For example, at least one of R_(xe1) and R_(xe2) is phenyl substituted with two or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)).

For example, R_(xf) is H.

For example, R_(xf) is unsubstituted or substituted, straight-chain or branched C₁-C₆ alkyl, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, -butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl.

For example, R_(xf) is unsubstituted phenyl.

For example, R_(xf) is phenyl substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)).

For example, R_(xf) is phenyl substituted with two or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)).

For example, X₁′-X₂′ is CR_(w)R_(w)′—O.

For example, X₁′-X₂′ is CR_(w)R_(w)′—O where R_(w) and R_(w)′, together with the atom they attach to, form a ring.

For example, X₁′-X₂′ is CR_(w)R_(w)′—O where R_(w) and R_(w)′, together with the atom they attach to, form an unsubstituted or substituted heterocycle.

For example, X₁′-X₂′ is CR_(w)R_(w)′—O where R_(w) and R_(w)′, together with the atom they attach to, form an unsubstituted or substituted piperidine ring.

The present invention also provides the compounds of Formulae IIa1, IIa2, IIb, IIc, IId, IIe and IIf:

or a salt, solvate, hydrate or prodrug thereof, wherein:

R_(c1) is H, halogen, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted phenyl, or unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-member ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S;

R_(c2) is H, or unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl;

each R_(p) is independently halogen, hydroxyl, cyano, nitro, amino, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, —C(O)R_(akhr), —C(O)OR_(akhr), —NHC(O)R_(akhr), or —NHC(O)OR_(akhr);

n is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4;

R_(xa1), R_(xa2), R_(xb), R_(xc), R_(xd1), R_(xd2), R_(xd3), R_(xe1), R_(xe2), or R_(xf) are each independently H, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, or unsubstituted or substituted phenyl;

R_(akhr) is H, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl, or unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-member ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S; and

R_(p1), R_(p2), R_(p3), R_(p4) and R_(p5) are each independently H, hydroxyl, halogen, cyano, nitro, unsubstituted or substituted amino, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy, or unsubstituted or substituted phenyl.

For example, R_(c1) is H.

For example, R_(c1) is fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine.

For example, R_(c1) is unsubstituted or substituted, straight chain or branched C₁-C₆ alkyl, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl.

For example, R_(c1) is methyl.

For example, R_(c1) is heteroaryl selected from pyrrolyl, furanyl, thienyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, benzoxazolyl, benzodioxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzoimidazolyl, benzothienyl, methylenedioxyphenyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, naphthrydinyl, indolyl, benzofuranyl, purinyl, deazapurinyl, indolizinyl, imidazothiazolyl, quinoxalinyl, tetrahydropyridinyl, pyrrolopyrimidinyl, and the like, and is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine), unsubstituted or substituted amino, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine)), C₆-C₁₀ aryl (e.g., phenyl, which is optionally substituted), heteroaryl (e.g., pyrrolyl, furanyl, thiophenyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, and pyrimidinyl, and the like, and is optionally substituted), C₃-C₈ carbocycle (e.g., cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, or cycloheptyl, and is optionally substituted), or heterocycle (e.g., pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, triazolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, and morpholinyl, and the like, and is optionally substituted).

For example, R_(c1) is pyrazolyl, and is optionally substituted with (e.g., piperidinyl, which is optionally substituted).

For example, R_(c2) is H.

For example, R_(c2) is unsubstituted or substituted, straight-chain or branched C₁-C₆ alkyl, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl.

For example, R_(c2) is methyl substituted with unsubstituted phenyl.

For example, R_(c2) is methyl substituted with phenyl substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)).

For example, R_(c2) is methyl substituted with phenyl substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from methyl, ethyl, t-butyl, and trifluoromethyl.

For example, R_(c2) is methyl substituted with phenyl substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from methoxy, ethoxy, i-propyloxy, and t-butoxy.

For example, n is 0.

For example, n is 1.

For example, n is 2.

For example, each R_(p) is independently fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine.

For example, each R_(p) is independently unsubstituted or substituted, straight-chain or branched C₁-C₆ alkyl, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, -butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl.

For example, each R_(p) is independently unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy, including but not limited to, methoxy, ethoxy, n-propyloxy, i-propyloxy, n-butoxy, t-butoxy.

For example, each R_(p) is independently —NHC(O)R_(akhr).

For example, R_(akhr) is H.

For example, R_(akhr) is unsubstituted or substituted, straight-chain or branched C₁-C₆ alkyl, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, -butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl.

For example, R_(akhr) is methyl.

For example, at least one R_(p) is hydroxyl, methyl, ethyl, t-butyl, trifluoromethyl, methoxy, ethoxy, i-propyloxy, t-butoxy, nitro, halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine), or —NHC(O)R_(akhr), wherein R_(akhr) is methyl.

For example, at least two R_(p), each of which is independent from the other, are hydroxyl, methyl, ethyl, t-butyl, trifluoromethyl, methoxy, ethoxy, i-propyloxy, t-butoxy, nitro, halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine), or —NHC(O)R_(akhr), wherein R_(akhr) is methyl.

For example, at least three R_(p), each of which is independent from the other, are hydroxyl, methyl, ethyl, t-butyl, trifluoromethyl, methoxy, ethoxy, i-propyloxy, t-butoxy, nitro, halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine), or —NHC(O)R_(akhr), wherein R_(akhr) is methyl.

For example, both R_(xa1) and R_(xa2) are H.

For example, at least one of R_(xa1) and R_(xa2) is unsubstituted or substituted, straight-chain or branched C₁-C₆ alkyl, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, -butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine).

For example, at least one of R_(xa1) and R_(xa2) is methyl, which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine).

For example, at least one of R_(xa1) and R_(xa2) is unsubstituted phenyl.

For example, at least one of R_(xa1) and R_(xa2) is phenyl substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)).

For example, at least one of R_(xa1) and R_(xa2) is phenyl substituted with two or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)).

For example, R_(xb) is H.

For example, R_(xb) is unsubstituted phenyl.

For example, R_(xb) is phenyl substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)).

For example, R_(xb) is phenyl substituted with two or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)).

For example, R_(xc) is H.

For example, R_(xc) is unsubstituted or substituted, straight-chain or branched C₁-C₆ alkyl, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, -butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl.

For example, R_(xc) is methyl.

For example, all of R_(xd1), R_(xd2) and R_(xd3) are H.

For example, at least one of R_(xd1), R_(xd2) and R_(xd3) is unsubstituted or substituted, straight-chain or branched C₁-C₆ alkyl, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, -butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl.

For example, both R_(xe1) and R_(xe2) are H.

For example, at least one of R_(xe1) and R_(xe2) is unsubstituted or substituted, straight-chain or branched C₁-C₆ alkyl, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, -butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl.

For example, R_(xf) is H.

For example, R_(xf) is unsubstituted or substituted, straight-chain or branched C₁-C₆ alkyl, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, -butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl.

For example, all of R_(p1), R_(p2), R_(p3), R_(p4) and R_(p5) are H.

For example, at least one of R_(p1), R_(p2), R_(p3), R_(p4) and R_(p5) is fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine.

For example, at least one of R_(p1), R_(p2), R_(p3), R_(p4) and R_(p5) is unsubstituted or substituted, straight-chain or branched C₁-C₆ alkyl, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, -butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl.

For example, at least one of R_(p1), R_(p2), R_(p3), R_(p4) and R_(p5) is methyl.

For example, at least one of R_(p1), R_(p2), R_(p3), R_(p4) and R_(p5) is unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy, including but not limited to, methoxy, ethoxy, n-propyloxy, i-propyloxy, n-butoxy, t-butoxy.

For example, at least one of R_(p1), R_(p2), R_(p3), R_(p4) and R_(p5) is unsubstituted or substituted phenyl.

For example, at least two of R_(p1), R_(p2), R_(p3), R_(p4) and R_(p5), each of which is independent from the other, are methyl, ethyl, t-butyl, trifluoromethyl, methoxy, ethoxy, i-propyloxy, t-butoxy, hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, or cyano.

For example, at least three of R_(p1), R_(p2), R_(p3), R_(p4) and R_(p5), each of which is independent from the other, are methyl, ethyl, t-butyl, trifluoromethyl, methoxy, ethoxy, i-propyloxy, t-butoxy, hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, or cyano.

The present invention also provides the compounds of Formula III:

or a salt, solvate, hydrate or prodrug thereof, wherein:

is a 5- or 6-member ring which optionally comprises 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, and is optionally substituted;

R_(c1) is H, halogen, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted phenyl, or unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-member ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S;

R_(c2) is H or unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl; and

R_(c5) and R_(c6) are each independently H, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, or unsubstituted or substituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl.

For example, R_(c1) is H.

For example, R_(c1) is fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine.

For example, R_(c1) is unsubstituted or substituted, straight chain or branched C₁-C₆ alkyl, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl.

For example, R_(c1) is methyl.

For example, R_(c1) is unsubstituted phenyl.

For example, R_(c1) is phenyl substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), and -T_(c1)-Q_(c1), wherein:

-   -   T_(c1) is a bond, or unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl         linker;     -   Q_(c1) is H, —NR_(c11)R_(c11)′, —C(O)NR_(c11)R_(c11)′,         —NHC(O)R_(c11), —NHC(O)OR_(c11), —NHC(O)NR_(c11)R_(c11)′, or         —S(O)₂R_(c11); and     -   R_(c11) and R_(c11)′ are each independently H, or unsubstituted         or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl.

For example, R_(c1) is phenyl substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from -T_(c1)-Q_(c1).

For example, T_(c1) is a bond.

For example, T_(c1) is unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl linker, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl linker.

For example, T_(c1) is a methyl linker.

For example, Q_(c1) is H.

For example, both R_(c11) and R_(c11)′ are H.

For example, at least one of R_(c11) and R_(c11)′ is unsubstituted or substituted, straight-chain or branched C₁-C₆ alkyl, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl.

For example, at least one of R_(c11) and R_(c11)′ is methyl, ethyl or t-butyl.

For example, R_(c1) is phenyl substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from methyl, ethyl, t-butyl and trifluoromethyl.

For example, R_(c1) is phenyl substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from methoxy, t-butoxy and trifluoromethoxy.

For example, R_(c1) is phenyl substituted with two or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, cyano, methyl, ethyl, t-butyl, trifluoromethyl, methoxy, t-butoxy, trifluoromethoxy, and halogen.

For example, R_(c1) is heteroaryl selected from pyrrolyl, furanyl, thienyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, benzoxazolyl, benzodioxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzoimidazolyl, benzothienyl, methylenedioxyphenyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, naphthrydinyl, indolyl, benzofuranyl, purinyl, deazapurinyl, indolizinyl, imidazothiazolyl, quinoxalinyl, tetrahydropyridinyl, pyrrolopyrimidinyl, and the like, and is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine), unsubstituted or substituted amino, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine)), C₆-C₁₀ aryl (e.g., phenyl, which is optionally substituted), heteroaryl (e.g., pyrrolyl, furanyl, thiophenyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, and pyrimidinyl, and the like, and is optionally substituted), C₃-C₈ carbocycle (e.g., cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, or cycloheptyl, and is optionally substituted), or heterocycle (e.g., pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, triazolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, and morpholinyl, and the like, and is optionally substituted).

For example, R_(c1) is heteroaryl selected from furanyl, pyrazolyl, purinyl, indolyl, tetrahydropyridinyl, and pyrrolopyrimidinyl, and is optionally substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same of different, selected from methyl, ethyl, t-butyl, amino, and heterocycle (e.g., piperidinyl, which is optionally substituted).

For example, R_(c2) is H.

For example, R_(c2) is unsubstituted or substituted, straight-chain or branched C₁-C₆ alkyl, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl.

For example, R_(c2) is methyl substituted with unsubstituted phenyl.

For example, R_(c2) is methyl substituted with phenyl substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)).

For example, R_(c2) is methyl substituted with phenyl substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from methyl, ethyl, t-butyl, and trifluoromethyl.

For example, R_(c2) is methyl substituted with phenyl substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from methoxy, ethoxy, i-propyloxy, and t-butoxy.

For example, both R_(c5) and R_(c6) are H.

For example, at least one of R_(c5) and R_(c6) is unsubstituted or substituted, straight-chain or branched C₁-C₆ alkyl, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl.

For example, at least one of R_(c5) and R_(c6) is unsubstituted or substituted phenyl.

For example,

is a 5- or 6-member ring selected from:

1) phenyl, which is optionally substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine), cyano, nitro, unsubstituted or substituted amino, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl), unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy), —C(O)R_(akhr), —C(O)OR_(akhr), —NHC(O)R_(akhr), —NHC(O)OR_(akhr), and —C(O)NR_(akhr)R_(akhr)′);

2) heteroaryl (e.g., pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, triazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazinyl, triazinyl, tetrazinyl, furanyl, thienyl, and pyridinone, and the like, and is optionally substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine), unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl), unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy), unsubstituted or substituted phenyl, —NR_(nnn1)R_(nnn2), and —SR_(akhr));

3) carbocycle (e.g., cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, or cycloheptyl, and is optionally substituted); or

4) heterocycle (e.g., pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, triazolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, and morpholinyl, and the like, and is optionally substituted),

wherein:

-   -   R_(akhr) and R_(akhr)′ are each independently H, unsubstituted         or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted C₆-C₁₀         aryl, or unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl comprising one         or two 5- or 6-member ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N,         O and S;     -   R_(nnn1) and R_(nnn2) are each independently H,         -T_(nnn1)-Q_(nnn1), or R_(nnn1) and R_(nnn2), together with the         atom they attach to, form a 5- or 6-member ring which optionally         comprises 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S and is         optionally substituted;     -   T_(nnn1) is a bond, or unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl         linker;     -   Q_(nnn1) is H, unsubstituted or substituted phenyl,         unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl comprising one or two 5-         or 6-member ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S,         unsubstituted or substitute C₃-C₈ carbocycle, unsubstituted or         substituted heterocycle comprising one or two 5- or 6-member         ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, or         —OR_(nnn3); and     -   R_(nnn3) is H, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, or         unsubstituted or substituted phenyl.

For example,

is a phenyl optionally substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine), cyano, nitro, methyl, ethyl, t-butyl, trifluomethyl, methoxy, ethoxy, t-butoxy, and —NHC(O)R_(akhr).

For example,

is a phenyl optionally substituted with two or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine), cyano, nitro, methyl, ethyl, t-butyl, trifluomethyl, methoxy, ethoxy, t-butoxy, and —NHC(O)R_(akhr).

For example,

is heteroaryl selected from imidazolyl, thiazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrazoyl, pyridinone, pyrimidinyl, furanyl, or thienyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine), methyl, ethyl, t-butyl, trifluomethyl, methoxy, ethoxy, t-butoxy, phenyl, —NR_(nnn1)R_(nnn2), and —SR_(akhr).

For example, both R_(akhr) and R_(akhr)′ are H.

For example, at least one of R_(akhr) and R_(akhr)′ is unsubstituted or substituted, straight-chain or branched C₁-C₆ alkyl, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl.

For example, R_(akhr) is H.

For example, R_(akhr) is unsubstituted or substituted, straight-chain or branched C₁-C₆ alkyl, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl.

For example, R_(akhr) is methyl.

For example, both of R_(nnn1) and R_(nnn2) are H.

For example, at least one of R_(nnn1) and R_(nnn2) is -T_(nnn1)-Q_(nnn1).

For example, T_(nnn1) is a bond.

For example, T_(nnn1) is unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl linker, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl linker.

For example, T_(nnn1) is a methyl, ethyl, or propyl linker.

For example, Q_(nnn1) is H.

For example, Q_(nnn1) is unsubstituted phenyl.

For example, Q_(nnn1) is phenyl substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine), cyano, nitro, unsubstituted or substituted amino, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)).

For example, Q_(nnn1) is phenyl substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from methyl, ethyl, t-butyl, trifluoromethyl, methoxy, ethoxy, t-butoxy, and halogen (e.g. fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine).

For example, Q_(nnn1) is phenyl substituted with two or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from methyl, ethyl, t-butyl, trifluoromethyl, methoxy, ethoxy, t-butoxy, and halogen (e.g. fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine).

For example, Q_(nnn1) is heteroaryl selected from pyrrolyl, furanyl, thienyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, benzoxazolyl, benzodioxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzoimidazolyl, benzothienyl, methylenedioxyphenyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, naphthrydinyl, indolyl, benzofuranyl, purinyl, deazapurinyl, indolizinyl, imidazothiazolyl, and quinoxalinyl, and the like, and is optionally substituted.

For example, Q_(nnn1) is pyridinyl.

For example, Q_(nnn1) is cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, or cycloheptyl, and is optionally substituted.

For example, Q_(nnn1) is cycloheptyl.

For example, Q_(nnn1) is heterocycle selected from pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, triazolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, and pyrrolidinone, and the like, and is optionally substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine), and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl).

For example, Q_(nnn1) is pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, morpholinyl, or pyrrolidinone, and is optionally substituted with methyl, ethyl, or t-butyl.

For example, Q_(nnn1) is —OR_(nnn3).

For example, R_(nnn3) is H.

For example, R_(nnn3) is unsubstituted or substituted, straight-chain or branched C₁-C₆ alkyl, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl.

For example, R_(nnn3) is phenyl, and is optionally substituted.

For example, R_(nnn1) and R_(nnn2), together with the atom they attach to, form a 5- or 6-member ring selected from pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, triazolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, and morpholinyl, and the like and is optionally substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from -T_(nnn2)-Q_(nnn2), wherein:

-   -   T_(nnn2) is a bond, or unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl         linker;     -   Q_(nnn2) is H, unsubstituted or substituted phenyl,         unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl comprising one or two 5-         or 6-member ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S,         unsubstituted or substitute C₃-C₈ carbocycle, unsubstituted or         substituted heterocycle comprising one or two 5- or 6-member         ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S,         —C(O)R_(nnn4), —C(O)OR_(nnn4); and     -   R_(nnn4) is H, unsubstituted or substituted phenyl,         unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl comprising one or two 5-         or 6-member ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S,         unsubstituted or substitute C₃-C₈ carbocycle, unsubstituted or         substituted heterocycle comprising one or two 5- or 6-member         ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S.

For example, R_(nnn1) and R_(nnn2), together with the atom they attach to, form a 5- or 6-member ring selected from a pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, or morpholinyl, and is optionally substituted.

For example, T_(nnn2) is a bond.

For example, T_(nnn2) is unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl linker, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl linker.

For example, T_(nnn2) is a methyl linker.

For example, Q_(nnn2) is unsubstituted phenyl.

For example, Q_(nnn2) is heteroaryl selected from pyrrolyl, furanyl, thienyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, benzoxazolyl, benzodioxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzoimidazolyl, benzothienyl, methylenedioxyphenyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, naphthrydinyl, indolyl, benzofuranyl, purinyl, deazapurinyl, indolizinyl, imidazothiazolyl, and quinoxalinyl, and the like, and is optionally substituted.

For example, Q_(nnn2) is pyridinyl.

For example, Q_(nnn2) is cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, or cycloheptyl, and is optionally substituted.

For example, Q_(nnn2) is heterocycle selected from pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, triazolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, and pyrrolidinone, and the like, and is optionally substituted.

For example, Q_(nnn2) is morpholinyl.

For example, Q_(nnn2) is —C(O)R_(nnn4).

For example, R_(nnn4) is H.

For example, R_(nnn4) is phenyl and is optionally substituted.

For example, R_(nnn4) is heteroaryl selected from pyrrolyl, furanyl, thienyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, benzoxazolyl, benzodioxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzoimidazolyl, benzothienyl, methylenedioxyphenyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, naphthrydinyl, indolyl, benzofuranyl, purinyl, deazapurinyl, indolizinyl, imidazothiazolyl, and quinoxalinyl, and the like, and is optionally substituted.

For example, R_(nnn4) is cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, or cycloheptyl, and is optionally substituted.

For example, R_(nnn4) is heterocycle selected from pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, triazolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, and pyrrolidinone, and the like, and is optionally substituted.

For example, R_(nnn4) is pyrrolidinyl.

For example, R_(nnn1) and R_(nnn2), together with the atom they attach to, form a 5- or 6-member ring selected from pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, triazolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, and morpholinyl, and the like and is optionally substituted with two or more groups, any adjacent two of which, together with the atoms they attach to form a 5- or 6-member ring which optionally comprises 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S and is optionally substituted.

For example, R_(nnn1) and R_(nnn2), together with the atom they attach to, form a 5- or 6-membered ring selected from pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, triazolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, and morpholinyl, and the like and is optionally substituted with two or more groups, any adjacent two of which, together with the atoms they attach to form a phenyl ring, which is optionally substituted e.g., with heteroaryl or heterocycle (e.g., morpholine or pyridine) or with C₁-C₆ alkyl linker-unsubstituted phenyl (e.g., benzyl), C₁-C₆ alkyl linker-substituted phenyl e.g., substituted with halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl linker-C(O)-heterocycle (e.g., pyrrolidine). For example, the 5- or 6-membered ring is substituted with a fused aryl ring e.g.,

For example,

is cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, or cycloheptyl, and is optionally substituted.

For example,

is heterocycle selected from pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, triazolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, and pyrrolidinone, and the like, and is optionally substituted.

The present invention also provides the compounds of Formulae IIIa, IIIb, IIIc, IIId, IIIe1, IIIe2, and IIIf:

or a salt, solvate, hydrate or prodrug thereof, wherein:

R_(c1) is H;

R_(c2) is H, or unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl;

R_(c5) and R_(c6) are each independently H, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, or unsubstituted or substituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl;

each R_(n1) is each independently unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl;

m is 0, 1, 2, or 3;

R_(n5) and R_(n6) are each independently H, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, or unsubstituted or substituted phenyl;

R_(n2), R_(n3), and R_(n4) are each independently H, or unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl;

R_(n7), R_(n8), and R_(n9) are each independently H, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl, or unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-member ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S;

R_(nn1) and R_(nn2) are each independently H, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, —NR_(nnn1)R_(nnn2), or —SR_(akhr);

R_(akhr) is H, or unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl;

R_(nnn1) and R_(nnn2) are each independently H, -T_(nnn1)-Q_(nnn1), or R_(nnn1) and R_(nnn2), together with the atom they attach to, form a 5- or 6-member ring which optionally comprises 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S and is optionally substituted;

T_(nnn1) is a bond, or unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl linker;

Q_(nnn1) is H, unsubstituted or substituted phenyl, unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-member ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, unsubstituted or substitute C₃-C₈ carbocycle, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycle comprising one or two 5- or 6-member ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, or —OR_(nnn3); and

R_(nnn3) is H, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, or unsubstituted or substituted phenyl.

For example, R_(c1) is H.

For example, R_(c2) is H.

For example, R_(c2) is unsubstituted or substituted, straight-chain or branched C₁-C₆ alkyl, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl.

For example, R_(c2) is methyl substituted with unsubstituted phenyl.

For example, R_(c2) is methyl substituted with phenyl substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)).

For example, R_(c2) is methyl substituted with phenyl substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from methyl, ethyl, t-butyl, and trifluoromethyl.

For example, R_(c2) is methyl substituted with phenyl substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from methoxy, ethoxy, i-propyloxy, and t-butoxy.

For example, both R_(c5) and R_(c6) are H.

For example, at least one of R_(c5) and R_(c6) is unsubstituted or substituted, straight-chain or branched C₁-C₆ alkyl, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl.

For example, at least one of R_(c5) and R_(c6) is unsubstituted or substituted phenyl.

For example, m is 0.

For example, each of R_(n1) is independently unsubstituted or substituted, straight-chain or branched C₁-C₆ alkyl, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl.

For example, all of R_(n2), R_(n3) and R_(n4) are H.

For example, at least one of R_(n2), R_(n3) and R_(n4) is unsubstituted or substituted, straight-chain or branched C₁-C₆ alkyl, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl.

For example, both of R_(n5) and R_(n6) are H.

For example, at least one of R_(n5) and R_(n6) is unsubstituted or substituted, straight-chain or branched C₁-C₆ alkyl, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl.

For example, at least one of R_(n5) and R_(n6) is unsubstituted phenyl.

For example, R_(n6) is unsubstituted phenyl.

For example, R_(n7) is H.

For example, R_(n7) is unsubstituted or substituted, straight-chain or branched C₁-C₆ alkyl, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl.

For example, R_(n7) is methyl.

For example, both of R_(n8) and R_(n9) are H.

For example, at least one of R_(n8) and R_(n9) is unsubstituted or substituted, straight-chain or branched C₁-C₆ alkyl, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl.

For example, both of R_(nn1) and R_(nn2) are H.

For example, at least one of R_(nn1) and R_(nn2) is unsubstituted or substituted, straight-chain or branched C₁-C₆ alkyl, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl.

For example, at least one of R_(nn1) and R_(nn2) is —SR_(akhr).

For example, R_(nn1) is H and R_(nn2) is —SR_(akhr).

For example, R_(akhr) is H.

For example, R_(akhr) is unsubstituted or substituted, straight-chain or branched C₁-C₆ alkyl, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl.

For example, R_(akhr) is methyl.

For example, at least one of R_(nn1) and R_(nn2) is —NR_(nnn1)R_(nnn2).

For example, R_(nn1) is H and R_(nn2) is —NR_(nnn1)R_(nnn2).

For example, both of R_(nnn1) and R_(nnn2) are H.

For example, at least one of R_(nnn1) and R_(nnn2) is -T_(nnn1)-Q_(nnn1).

For example, T_(nnn1) is a bond.

For example, T_(nnn1) is unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl linker, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl linker.

For example, T_(nnn1) is a methyl, ethyl, or propyl linker.

For example, Q_(nnn1) is H.

For example, Q_(nnn1) is unsubstituted phenyl.

For example, Q_(nnn1) is phenyl substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine), cyano, nitro, unsubstituted or substituted amino, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)).

For example, Q_(nnn1) is phenyl substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from methyl, ethyl, t-butyl, trifluoromethyl, methoxy, ethoxy, t-butoxy, and halogen (e.g. fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine).

For example, Q_(nnn1) is phenyl substituted with two or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from methyl, ethyl, t-butyl, trifluoromethyl, methoxy, ethoxy, t-butoxy, and halogen (e.g. fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine).

For example, Q_(nnn1) is heteroaryl selected from pyrrolyl, furanyl, thienyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, benzoxazolyl, benzodioxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzoimidazolyl, benzothienyl, methylenedioxyphenyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, naphthrydinyl, indolyl, benzofuranyl, purinyl, deazapurinyl, indolizinyl, imidazothiazolyl, and quinoxalinyl, and the like, and is optionally substituted.

For example, Q_(nnn1) is pyridinyl.

For example, Q_(nnn1) is cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, or cycloheptyl, and is optionally substituted.

For example, Q_(nnn1) is cycloheptyl.

For example, Q_(nnn1) is heterocycle selected from pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, triazolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, and pyrrolidinone, and the like, and is optionally substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine), unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl).

For example, Q_(nnn1) is pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, morpholinyl, or pyrrolidinone, and is optionally substituted with methyl, ethyl, or t-butyl.

For example, Q_(nnn1) is —OR_(nnn3).

For example, R_(nnn3) is H.

For example, R_(nnn3) is unsubstituted or substituted, straight-chain or branched C₁-C₆ alkyl, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl.

For example, R_(nnn3) is phenyl, and is optionally substituted.

For example, R_(nnn1) and R_(nnn2), together with the atom they attach to, form a 5- or 6-member ring selected from pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, triazolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, and morpholinyl, and the like and is optionally substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from -T_(nnn2)-Q_(nnn2), wherein:

-   -   T_(nnn2) is a bond, or unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl         linker;     -   Q_(nnn2) is H, unsubstituted or substituted phenyl,         unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl comprising one or two 5-         or 6-member ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S,         unsubstituted or substitute C₃-C₈ carbocycle, unsubstituted or         substituted heterocycle comprising one or two 5- or 6-member         ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S,         —C(O)R_(nnn4), —C(O)OR_(nnn4); and     -   R_(nnn4) is H, unsubstituted or substituted phenyl,         unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl comprising one or two 5-         or 6-member ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S,         unsubstituted or substitute C₃-C₈ carbocycle, unsubstituted or         substituted heterocycle comprising one or two 5- or 6-member         ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S.

For example, R_(nnn1) and R_(nnn2), together with the atom they attach to, form a 5- or 6-member ring selected from pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, or morpholinyl, and is optionally substituted.

For example, T_(nnn2) is a bond.

For example, T_(nnn2) is unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl linker, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl linker.

For example, T_(nnn2) is a methyl linker.

For example, Q_(nnn2) is unsubstituted phenyl.

For example, Q_(nnn2) is heteroaryl selected from pyrrolyl, furanyl, thienyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, benzoxazolyl, benzodioxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzoimidazolyl, benzothienyl, methylenedioxyphenyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, naphthrydinyl, indolyl, benzofuranyl, purinyl, deazapurinyl, indolizinyl, imidazothiazolyl, and quinoxalinyl, and the like, and is optionally substituted.

For example, Q_(nnn2) is pyridinyl.

For example, Q_(nnn2) is cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, or cycloheptyl, and is optionally substituted.

For example, Q_(nnn2) is heterocycle selected from pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, triazolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, and pyrrolidinone, and the like, and is optionally substituted.

For example, Q_(nnn2) is morpholinyl.

For example, Q_(nnn2) is —C(O)R_(nnn4).

For example, R_(nnn4) is H.

For example, R_(nnn4) is phenyl and is optionally substituted.

For example, R_(nnn4) is heteroaryl selected from pyrrolyl, furanyl, thienyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, benzoxazolyl, benzodioxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzoimidazolyl, benzothienyl, methylenedioxyphenyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, naphthrydinyl, indolyl, benzofuranyl, purinyl, deazapurinyl, indolizinyl, imidazothiazolyl, and quinoxalinyl, and the like, and is optionally substituted.

For example, R_(nnn4) is cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, or cycloheptyl, and is optionally substituted.

For example, R_(nnn4) is heterocycle selected from pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, triazolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, and pyrrolidinone, and the like, and is optionally substituted.

For example, R_(nnn4) is pyrrolidinyl.

For example, R_(nnn1) and R_(nnn2), together with the atom they attach to, form a 5- or 6-member ring selected from pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, triazolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, and morpholinyl, and the like and is optionally substituted with two or more groups, any adjacent two of which, together with the atoms they attach to form a 5- or 6-member which optionally comprises 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S and is optionally substituted.

For example, R_(nnn1) and R_(nnn2), together with the atom they attach to, form a 5- or 6-member ring selected from pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, and morpholinyl, and is optionally substituted with two or more groups, any adjacent two of which, together with the atoms they attach to form a phenyl ring, which is optionally substituted.

The present invention also provides the compounds of Formula IV′:

or a salt, solvate, hydrate or prodrug thereof, wherein:

R_(c1) is H, halogen, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted phenyl, or unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-member ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S;

R_(c2) is H, or unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl;

R_(c3) and R_(c4) are each independently H, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl;

R_(c6) is H, or unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, or unsubstituted or substituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl;

Y is NR_(y) or CHR_(y)′;

R_(y) is H, unsubstituted or substituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl, unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-member ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₈ carbocycle, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycle comprising one or two 5- or 6-member ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, —S(O)₂R₁, —C(O)R₁, —C(O)OR₁, —(CH₂)_(o)R₁, —C(═NH)NR₂R₂′, —C(O)NR₂R₂′, or —C(S)NR₂R₂′;

o is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4;

R₁ is H, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, or -T_(y1)-Q_(y1);

R₂ and R₂′ are each independently H, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, -T_(y3)-Q_(y3), or R₂ and R₂′, together with the atom they attach to, form a 5-, 6- or 7-member ring which comprises 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S and is optionally substituted;

R_(y)′ is H, unsubstituted or substituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl, unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-member ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₈ carbocycle, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycle comprising one or two 5- or 6-member ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, —NR₃R₃′, —NR₃″C(O)NR₃R₃′, —NR₃″C(O)R₃, —NR₃″C(O)OR₃, —NR₃″S(O)₂R₃, or —C(O)NR₃R₃′;

R₃ and R₃′ are each independently H, or -T_(y1)′-Q_(y1)′;

R₃″ is H, or unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl;

T_(y1), T_(y1)′ and T_(y3) are each independently a bond, or unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl linker;

Q_(y1) is H, unsubstituted or substituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl, unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-member ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₈ carbocycle, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycle comprising one or two 5- or 6-member ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, —C(O)OR₂₁, —C(O)R₂₁, —C(O)NR₂₁R₂₁′, or —NR₂₁R₂₁′;

Q_(y1)′ is H, unsubstituted or substituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl, unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-member ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₈ carbocycle, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycle comprising one or two 5- or 6-member ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, —C(O)OR₂₁, —C(O)R₂₁, —C(O)NR₂₁R₂₁′, or —NR₂₁R₂₁′;

Q_(y3) is H, unsubstituted or substituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl, unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-member ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₈ carbocycle, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycle comprising one or two 5- or 6-member ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, —C(O)OR₃₁, —C(O)R₃₁, —C(O)NR₃₁R₃₁′, or —NR₃₁R₃₁′; and

R₂₁, R₂₁′, R₃₁ and R₃₁′ are each independently H, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl, or unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-member ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S.

For example, R_(c1) is H.

For example, R_(c1) is fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine.

For example, R_(c1) is unsubstituted or substituted, straight chain or branched C₁-C₆ alkyl, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl.

For example, R_(c1) is methyl.

For example, R_(c1) is unsubstituted phenyl.

For example, R_(c1) is phenyl substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), and -T_(c1)-Q_(c1), wherein:

T_(c1) is a bond, or unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl linker;

Q_(c1) is H, —NR_(c11)R_(c11)′, —C(O)NR_(c11)R_(c11)′, —NHC(O)R_(c11), —NHC(O)OR_(c11), —NHC(O)NR_(c11)R_(c11)′, or —S(O)₂R_(c11); and

R_(c11) and R_(c11)′ are each independently H, or unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl.

For example, R_(c1) is phenyl substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from -T_(c1)-Q_(c1).

For example, T_(c1) is a bond.

For example, T_(c1) is unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl linker, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl linker.

For example, T_(c1) is a methyl linker.

For example, Q_(c1) is H.

For example, both R_(c11) and R_(c11)′ are H.

For example, at least one of R_(c11) and R_(c11)′ is unsubstituted or substituted, straight-chain or branched C₁-C₆ alkyl, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl.

For example, at least one of R_(c11) and R_(c11)′ is methyl, ethyl or t-butyl.

For example, R_(c1) is phenyl substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from methyl, ethyl, t-butyl and trifluoromethyl.

For example, R_(c1) is phenyl substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from methoxy, t-butoxy and trifluoromethoxy.

For example, R_(c1) is phenyl substituted with two or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, cyano, methyl, ethyl, t-butyl, trifluoromethyl, methoxy, t-butoxy, trifluoromethoxy, and halogen.

For example, R_(c1) is heteroaryl selected from pyrrolyl, furanyl, thienyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, benzoxazolyl, benzodioxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzoimidazolyl, benzothienyl, methylenedioxyphenyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, naphthrydinyl, indolyl, benzofuranyl, purinyl, deazapurinyl, indolizinyl, imidazothiazolyl, quinoxalinyl, tetrohydropyridinyl, pyrrolopyrimidinyl, and the like, and is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine), unsubstituted or substituted amino, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine)), C₆-C₁₀ aryl (e.g., phenyl, which is optionally substituted), heteroaryl (e.g., pyrrolyl, furanyl, thiophenyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, and pyrimidinyl, and the like, and is optionally substituted), C₃-C₈ carbocycle (e.g., cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, or cycloheptyl, and is optionally substituted), or heterocycle (e.g., pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, triazolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, and morpholinyl, and the like, and is optionally substituted).

For example, R_(c1) is heteroaryl selected from furanyl, pyrazolyl, purinyl, indolyl, tetrahydropyridinyl, and pyrrolopyrimidinyl, and is optionally substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same of different, selected from methyl, ethyl, t-butyl, amino, and heterocycle (e.g., piperidinyl, which is optionally substituted).

For example, R_(c2) is H.

For example, R_(c2) is unsubstituted or substituted, straight-chain or branched C₁-C₆ alkyl, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl.

For example, R_(c2) is methyl substituted with unsubstituted phenyl.

For example, R_(c2) is methyl substituted with phenyl substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)).

For example, R_(c2) is methyl substituted with phenyl substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from methyl, ethyl, t-butyl, and trifluoromethyl.

For example, R_(c2) is methyl substituted with phenyl substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from methoxy, ethoxy, i-propyloxy, and t-butoxy.

For example, R_(c3) is H.

For example, R_(c3) is unsubstituted or substituted, straight-chain or branched C₁-C₆ alkyl, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl.

For example, R_(c4) is H.

For example, R_(c4) is unsubstituted or substituted, straight-chain or branched C₁-C₆ alkyl, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl.

For example, R_(c6) is H.

For example, R_(c6) is unsubstituted or substituted, straight-chain or branched C₁-C₆ alkyl, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl.

For example, all of R_(c3), R_(c4) and R_(c6) are H.

For example, both R_(akhr) and R_(akhr)′ are H.

For example, at least one of R_(akhr) and R_(akhr)′ is unsubstituted or substituted, straight-chain or branched C₁-C₆ alkyl, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl.

For example, R_(akhr) is H.

For example, R_(akhr) is unsubstituted or substituted, straight-chain or branched C₁-C₆ alkyl, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl.

For example, R_(akhr) is methyl.

For example, both of R_(c31) and R_(c32) are H.

For example, at least one of R_(c31) and R_(c32) is -T_(c3)-Q_(c3).

For example, T_(c3) is a bond.

For example, T_(c3) is unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl linker, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl linker.

For example, Q_(c3) is a methyl, ethyl, or propyl linker.

For example, Q_(c3) is H.

For example, Q_(c3) is unsubstituted phenyl.

For example, Q_(c3) is phenyl substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine), cyano, nitro, unsubstituted or substituted amino, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)).

For example, Q_(c3) is phenyl substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from methyl, ethyl, t-butyl, trifluoromethyl, methoxy, ethoxy, t-butoxy, and halogen (e.g. fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine).

For example, Q_(c3) is phenyl substituted with two or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from methyl, ethyl, t-butyl, trifluoromethyl, methoxy, ethoxy, t-butoxy, and halogen (e.g. fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine).

For example, Q_(c3) is heteroaryl selected from pyrrolyl, furanyl, thienyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, benzoxazolyl, benzodioxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzoimidazolyl, benzothienyl, methylenedioxyphenyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, naphthrydinyl, indolyl, benzofuranyl, purinyl, deazapurinyl, indolizinyl, imidazothiazolyl, and quinoxalinyl, and the like, and is optionally substituted.

For example, Q_(c3) is pyridinyl.

For example, Q_(c3) is cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, or cycloheptyl, and is optionally substituted.

For example, Q_(c3) is cycloheptyl.

For example, Q_(c3) is heterocycle selected from pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, triazolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, and pyrrolidinone, and the like, and is optionally substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine), unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl).

For example, Q_(c3) is pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, morpholinyl, or pyrrolidinone, and is optionally substituted with methyl, ethyl, or t-butyl.

For example, Q_(c3) is —OR_(c33).

For example, R_(c33) is H.

For example, R_(c33) is unsubstituted or substituted, straight-chain or branched C₁-C₆ alkyl, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl.

For example, R_(c33) is phenyl, and is optionally substituted.

For example, R_(c31) and R_(c32), together with the atom they attach to, form a 5- or 6-member ring selected from pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, triazolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, and morpholinyl, and the like and is optionally substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from -T_(c4)-Q_(c4), wherein:

-   -   T_(c4) is a bond, or unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl         linker;     -   Q_(c4) is H, unsubstituted or substituted phenyl, unsubstituted         or substituted heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-member         ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, unsubstituted         or substitute C₃-C₈ carbocycle, unsubstituted or substituted         heterocycle comprising one or two 5- or 6-member ring and 1-4         heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, —C(O)R_(c34),         —C(O)OR_(c34); and     -   R_(c34) is H, unsubstituted or substituted phenyl, unsubstituted         or substituted heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-member         ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, unsubstituted         or substitute C₃-C₈ carbocycle, unsubstituted or substituted         heterocycle comprising one or two 5- or 6-member ring and 1-4         heteroatoms selected from N, O and S.

For example, R_(c31) and R_(c32), together with the atom they attach to, form a 5- or 6-member ring selected from a pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, or morpholinyl, and is optionally substituted.

For example, T_(c4) is a bond.

For example, T_(c4) is unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl linker, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl linker.

For example, T_(c4) is a methyl linker.

For example, Q_(c4) is unsubstituted phenyl.

For example, Q_(c4) is heteroaryl selected from pyrrolyl, furanyl, thienyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, benzoxazolyl, benzodioxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzoimidazolyl, benzothienyl, methylenedioxyphenyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, naphthrydinyl, indolyl, benzofuranyl, purinyl, deazapurinyl, indolizinyl, imidazothiazolyl, and quinoxalinyl, and the like, and is optionally substituted.

For example, Q_(c4) is pyridinyl.

For example, Q_(c4) is cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, or cycloheptyl, and is optionally substituted.

For example, Q_(c4) is heterocycle selected from pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, triazolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, and pyrrolidinone, and the like, and is optionally substituted.

For example, Q_(c4) is morpholinyl.

For example, Q_(c4) is —C(O)R_(c34).

For example, R_(c34) is H.

For example, R_(c34) is phenyl and is optionally substituted.

For example, R_(c34) is heteroaryl selected from pyrrolyl, furanyl, thienyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, benzoxazolyl, benzodioxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzoimidazolyl, benzothienyl, methylenedioxyphenyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, naphthrydinyl, indolyl, benzofuranyl, purinyl, deazapurinyl, indolizinyl, imidazothiazolyl, and quinoxalinyl, and the like, and is optionally substituted.

For example, R_(c34) is cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, or cycloheptyl, and is optionally substituted.

For example, R_(c34) is heterocycle selected from pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, triazolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, and pyrrolidinone, and the like, and is optionally substituted.

For example, R_(c34) is pyrrolidinyl.

For example, R_(c31) and R_(c32), together with the atom they attach to, form a 5- or 6-member ring selected from pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, triazolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, and morpholinyl, and the like and is optionally substituted with two or more groups, any adjacent two of which, together with the atoms they attach to form a 5- or 6-member which optionally comprises 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S and is optionally substituted.

For example, R_(c31) and R_(c32), together with the atom they attach to, form a 5- or 6-member ring selected from pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, triazolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, and morpholinyl, and the like and is optionally substituted with two or more groups, any adjacent two of which, together with the atoms they attach to form a phenyl ring, which is optionally substituted.

For example, Y is NR_(y).

For example, R_(y) is H.

For example, R_(y) is unsubstituted phenyl.

For example, R_(y) is phenyl substituted with one, two, three or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, t-butoxy, and ethylenedioxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), —NHC(O)R_(akhr), —NHC(O)OR_(akhr), —C(O)R_(akhr), and —C(O)OR_(akhr), wherein R_(akhr) is H, or unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl).

For example, R_(y) is phenyl substituted with one, two, three or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine), methyl, ethyl, t-butyl, trifluoromethyl, methoxy, ethoxy, trifluoromethoxy, cyano, and —NHC(O)R_(akhr), wherein R_(akhr) is H, methyl, ethyl, or t-butyl.

For example, R_(y) is unsubstituted naphthyl.

For example, R_(y) is naphthyl substituted with one, two, three or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), —NHC(O)R_(akhr), —NHC(O)OR_(akhr), —C(O)R_(akhr), and —C(O)OR_(akhr), wherein R_(akhr) is H, or unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl).

For example, R_(y) is naphthyl substituted with one, two, three or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine).

For example, R_(y) is heteroaryl selected from pyrrolyl, furanyl, thienyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, triazinyl, benzoxazolyl, benzodioxazolyl, benzoxadiazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, benzoimidazolyl, benzothienyl, methylenedioxyphenyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, naphthrydinyl, indolyl, benzofuranyl, purinyl, deazapurinyl, indolizinyl, imidazothiazolyl, quinoxalinyl, and pyrrolopyrimidinyl, and the like, and is optionally substituted with one, two, three or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, unsubstituted or substituted amino, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), —NHC(O)R_(akhr), —NHC(O)OR_(akhr), —C(O)R_(akhr), and —C(O)OR_(akhr), wherein R_(akhr) is H, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl), unsubstituted or substituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl, or unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-member ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S.

For example, R_(y) is imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, pyrimidinyl, triazinyl, quinolinyl, purinyl, thienyl, quinolinyl, benzoxadiazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, benzothienyl, or pyrrolopyrimidiyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one, two, three or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from selected from halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine), amino, methyl, ethyl, t-butyl, trifluoromethyl, and —C(O)R_(akhr), wherein R_(akhr) is H, methyl, ethyl, t-butyl, or phenyl.

For example, R_(y) is cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, or cycloheptyl, and is optionally substituted with unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of or which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)).

For example, R_(y) is cyclopropyl.

For example, R_(y) is heterocycle selected from pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, triazolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, and pyrrolidinone, and the like, and is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)).

For example, R_(y) is —S(O)₂R₁, —C(O)R₁, —C(O)OR₁, —(CH₂)_(o)R₁.

For example, o is 0.

For example, o is 1.

For example, R₁ is H.

For example, R₁ is unsubstituted or substituted, straight-chain or branched C₁-C₆ alkyl, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl.

For example, R₁ is straight-chain or branched C₁-C₆ alkyl substituted with one, two, three or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from:

-   -   1) phenyl, which is optionally substituted with one or more         groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected         from unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl,         ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl,         s-pentyl, and n-hexyl), and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆         alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy,         i-butoxy, and t-butoxy);     -   2) unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy,         ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy);     -   3) —C(O)OR₁₁; —C(O)R₁₁; and     -   4) —NR₁₂R₁₃, wherein:         -   R₁₁ is H, or unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl;         -   R₁₂ and R₁₃ are each independently H, -T_(y2)-Q_(y2), or R₁₂             and R₁₃, together with the atom they attach to, form a 5- or             6-member ring, optionally substituted with e.g.,             C(O)O(C₁-C₆alkyl) or CH₂-heteroaryl;         -   T_(y2) is a bond, or unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆             alkyl linker;         -   Q_(y2) is H, hydroxyl, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆             alkoxy, unsubstituted or substituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl,             unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl comprising one or             two 5- or 6-member ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N,             O and S, unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₈ carbocycle,             unsubstituted or substituted heterocycle comprising one or             two 5- or 6-member ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N,             O and S, —NR_(akhr)R_(akhr)′, —C(O)R_(akhr), —C(O)OR_(akhr);             and         -   R_(akhr) and R_(akhr)′ are each independently H,             unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, unsubstituted or             substituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl, or unsubstituted or substituted             heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-member ring and 1-4             heteroatoms selected from N, O and S.

For example, R₁ is methyl substitute with unsubstituted phenyl.

For example, R₁ is methyl substitute with phenyl substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)).

For example, R₁ is methyl substitute with methoxy, ethoxy, or t-butoxy.

For example, R₁ is methyl substitute with two or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from:

-   -   1) phenyl, which is optionally substituted with one or more         groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected         from hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, unsubstituted or         substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl,         i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and         n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen         (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), unsubstituted         or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy,         i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is         optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine,         bromine, and iodine)); and     -   2) one of the following:         -   i) —C(O)OR₁₁;         -   ii) methoxy, ethoxy, i-propyloxy, or t-butoxy; or         -   iii)-NR₁₂R₁₃.

For example, R₁ is methyl substitute with —C(O)OR₁₁.

For example, R₁₁ is H.

For example, R₁₁ is unsubstituted or substituted, straight-chain or branched C₁-C₆ alkyl, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl.

For example, R₁ is methyl substitute with —NR₁₂R₁₃.

For example, both R₁₂ and R₁₃ are H.

For example, at least one of R₁₂ and R₁₃ is -T_(y2)-Q_(y2).

For example, T_(y2) is a bond.

For example, T_(y2) is unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl linker, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl linker.

For example, T_(y2) is a methyl, ethyl, or propyl linker.

For example, Q_(y2) is H.

For example, Q_(y2) is hydroxyl.

For example, Q_(y2) is unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy, including but not limited to, methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy.

For example, Q_(y2) is methoxy.

For example, Q_(y2) is unsubstituted or substituted phenyl or naphthyl.

For example, Q_(y2) is unsubstituted phenyl.

For example, Q_(y2) is phenyl substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)).

For example, Q_(y2) is heteroaryl selected from pyrrolyl, furanyl, thienyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, benzoxazolyl, benzodioxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzoimidazolyl, benzothienyl, methylenedioxyphenyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, naphthrydinyl, indolyl, benzofuranyl, purinyl, deazapurinyl, indolizinyl, imidazothiazolyl, and quinoxalinyl, and the like, and is optionally substituted.

For example, Q_(y2) is indolyl.

For example, Q_(y2) is cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, or cycloheptyl, and is optionally substituted.

For example, Q_(y2) is heterocycle selected from pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, triazolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, and pyrrolidinone, and the like, and is optionally substituted.

For example, Q_(y2) is piperidinyl.

For example, Q_(y2) is —NR_(akhr)R_(akhr)′.

For example, Q_(y2) is —C(O)OR_(akhr).

For example, both R_(akhr) and R_(akhr)′ are H.

For example, at least one of R_(akhr) and R_(akhr)′ is unsubstituted or substituted, straight-chain or branched C₁-C₆ alkyl, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl.

For example, at least one of R_(akhr) and R_(akhr)′ is methyl or t-butyl.

For example, R₁₂ and R₁₃, together with the atom they attach to, form a 5- or 6-member ring selected from pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, triazolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, and morpholinyl, and the like, and is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine), unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl), unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy), unsubstituted or substituted amino, —C(O)R_(akhr), or —C(O)OR_(akhr), wherein R_(akhr) is H, or unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl).

For example, R₁₂ and R₁₃, together with the atom they attach to, form a piperidinyl or piperazinyl, and is optionally substituted with halogen, methyl, ethyl, t-butyl, methoxy, ethoxy, i-propyloxy, t-butoxy, or —C(O)OR_(akhr), wherein R_(akhr) is methyl, ethyl, or t-butyl.

For example, R₁ is -T_(y1)-Q_(y1).

For example, T_(y1) is a bond.

For example, T_(y1) is unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl linker, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl linker.

For example, T_(y1) is a methyl, ethyl, propyl, or i-propyl linker.

For example, Q_(y1) is H.

For example, Q_(y1) is unsubstituted phenyl.

For example, Q_(y1) is phenyl substituted with one, two, three or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, t-butoxy, and ethylenedioxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), —NHC(O)R_(akhr), —NHC(O)OR_(akhr), —C(O)R_(akhr), and —C(O)OR_(akhr), wherein R_(akhr) is H, or unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl). For example, Q_(y1) is phenyl substituted with two groups that connect to form a fused six membered ring:

For example, Q_(y1) is phenyl substituted with one, two, three or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine), methyl, ethyl, t-butyl, trifluoromethyl, methoxy, ethoxy, trifluoromethoxy, cyano, and —NHC(O)R_(akhr), wherein R_(akhr) is H, methyl, ethyl, or t-butyl.

For example, Q_(y1) is unsubstituted naphthyl.

For example, Q_(y1) is naphthyl substituted with one, two, three or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), —NHC(O)R_(akhr), —NHC(O)OR_(akhr), —C(O)R_(akhr), and —C(O)OR_(akr), wherein R_(akhr) is H, or unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl).

For example, Q_(y1) is naphthyl substituted with one, two, three or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine).

For example, Q_(y1) is heteroaryl selected from pyrrolyl, furanyl, thienyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, triazinyl, benzoxazolyl, benzodioxazolyl, benzoxadiazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, benzoimidazolyl, benzothienyl, methylenedioxyphenyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, naphthrydinyl, indolyl, benzofuranyl, purinyl, deazapurinyl, indolizinyl, imidazothiazolyl, quinoxalinyl, and pyrrolopyrimidinyl, and the like, and is optionally substituted with one, two, three or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, unsubstituted or substituted amino, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), —NHC(O)R_(akhr), —NHC(O)OR_(akhr), —C(O)R_(akhr), and —C(O)OR_(akhr), wherein R_(akhr) is H, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl), unsubstituted or substituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl, or unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-member ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S.

For example, Q_(y1) is imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, pyrimidinyl, triazinyl, quinolinyl, purinyl, thienyl, quinolinyl, benzoxadiazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, benzothienyl, or pyrrolopyrimidiyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one, two, three or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from selected from halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine), amino, methyl, ethyl, t-butyl, trifluoromethyl, and —C(O)R_(akhr), wherein R_(akhr) is H, methyl, ethyl, t-butyl, or phenyl.

For example, Q_(y1) is cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, or cycloheptyl, and is optionally substituted with unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of or which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)).

For example, Q_(y1) is cyclopropyl.

For example, Q_(y1) is heterocycle selected from pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, triazolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, and pyrrolidinone, and the like, and is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)).

For example, R_(y) is —C(═NH)NR₂R₂′.

For example, both R₂ and R₂′ are H.

For example, R_(y) is —C(S)NR₂R₂′.

For example, both R₂ and R₂′ are phenyl.

For example, R_(y) is —C(═NH)NR₂R₂′, —C(O)NR₂R₂′, or —C(S)NR₂R₂′.

For example, both R₂ and R₂′ are H.

For example, at least one of R₂ and R₂′ is unsubstituted or substituted, straight-chain or branched C₁-C₆ alkyl, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl.

For example, at least one of R₂ and R₂′ is -T_(y3)-Q_(y3).

For example, T_(y3) is a bond.

For example, T_(y3) is unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl linker, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, n-hexyl, and 2-methylpropyl linker.

For example, T_(y3) is a methyl, ethyl, propyl, or 2-methylpropyl linker.

For example, Q_(y3) is H.

For example, Q_(y3) is unsubstituted phenyl.

For example, Q_(y3) is phenyl substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from -T_(y4)-Q_(y4), wherein:

-   -   T_(y4), T_(y5) and T_(y6) are each independently a bond, or         unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl linker;     -   Q_(y4) is H, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl,         unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy, halogen, nitro,         unsubstituted or substituted phenyl, unsubstituted or         substituted heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-member ring         and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, unsubstituted or         substituted C₃-C₈ carbocycle, unsubstituted or substituted         heterocycle comprising one or two 5- or 6-member ring and 1-4         heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, —NR₃₂R₃₂′, —NHC(O)R₃₂,         —NHC(O)OR₃₂, —C(O)R₃₂, —C(O)OR₃₂, —OR₃₂, —SR₃₂, —C(O)NR₃₂R₃₂′;     -   For example, Q_(y3) is phenyl, wherein phenyl is substituted         with two groups that connect to form a fused 5-membered ring         e.g.,

-   -   R₃₂ and R₃₂′ are each independently H, unsubstituted or         substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted phenyl,         unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl comprising one or two 5-         or 6-member ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S,         -T_(y5)-Q_(y5), or R₃₂ and R₃₂′, together with the atom they         attach to, form a 5- or 6-member ring which optionally comprises         1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S and is optionally         substituted with -T_(y6)-Q_(y6);     -   Q_(y5) is H, hydroxyl, unsubstituted or substituted phenyl,         unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl comprising one or two 5-         or 6-member ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S,         unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₈ carbocycle, unsubstituted or         substituted heterocycle comprising one or two 5- or 6-member         ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, —OR_(akhr),         —NR_(akhr)R_(akhr)′, —NHC(O)R_(akhr), —NHC(O)OR_(akhr),         —C(O)NR_(akhr)R_(akhr)′, —C(O)R_(akhr), or —C(O)OR_(akhr);     -   Q_(y6) is H, hydroxyl, unsubstituted or substituted phenyl,         unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl comprising one or two 5-         or 6-member ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S,         unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₈ carbocycle, unsubstituted or         substituted heterocycle comprising one or two 5- or 6-member         ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S,         —NR_(akhr)R_(akhr)′, —C(O)NR₃₄R₃₄′;     -   R_(akhr) and R_(akhr)′ are each independently H, unsubstituted         or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted C₆-C₁₀         aryl, or unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl comprising one         or two 5- or 6-member ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N,         O and S;     -   R₃₄ and R₃₄′ are each independently H, unsubstituted or         substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, or R₃₄ and R₃₄′, together with the atom         they attach to, form a 5- or 6-member ring which optionally         comprises 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S and is         optionally substituted.

For example, T_(y4) is a bond.

For example, T_(y4) is unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl linker, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl linker.

For example, T_(y4) is a methyl or t-butyl linker.

For example, Q_(y4) is H.

For example, Q_(y4) is unsubstituted or substituted, straight-chain or branched C₁-C₆ alkyl, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine).

For example, Q_(y4) is methyl, ethyl, t-butyl, or trifluoromethyl.

For example, Q_(y4) is unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy, including but not limited to, methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, t-butoxy, and methylenedioxy.

For example, Q_(y4) is methoxy, ethoxy, or methylenedioxy.

For example, Q_(y4) is fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine.

For example, Q_(y4) is unsubstituted phenyl.

For example, Q_(y4) is phenyl substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, t-butoxy, and ethylenedioxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)).

For example, Q_(y4) is heteroaryl selected from selected from heteroaryl selected from pyrrolyl, furanyl, thienyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, triazinyl, benzoxazolyl, benzodioxazolyl, benzoxadiazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, benzoimidazolyl, benzothienyl, methylenedioxyphenyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, naphthrydinyl, indolyl, benzofuranyl, purinyl, deazapurinyl, indolizinyl, imidazothiazolyl, quinoxalinyl, oxadiazolyl, and pyrrolopyrimidinyl, and the like, and is optionally substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, unsubstituted or substituted amino, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)).

For example, Q_(y4) is thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, or oxadiazolyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from methyl, ethyl, and t-butyl.

For example, Q_(y4) is cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, or cycloheptyl, and is optionally substituted.

For example, Q_(y4) is heterocycle selected from pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, triazolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, and pyrrolidinone, and the like, and is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)).

For example, Q_(y4) is piperazinyl or piperazinyl, and is optionally substituted with methyl, ethyl, or t-butyl.

For example, Q_(y4) is —NR₃₂R₃₂′.

For example, both R₃₂ and R₃₂′ are H.

For example, at least one of R₃₂ and R₃₂′ is unsubstituted or substituted, straight-chain or branched C₁-C₆ alkyl, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl. For example, at least one of R₃₂ and R₃₂′ is C₁-C₆ alkyl substituted with —CH₂OH.

For example, at least one of R₃₂ and R₃₂′ is methyl or ethyl.

For example, R₃₂ and R₃₂′ are both methyl or ethyl.

For example, Q_(y4) is —OR₃₂ or —SR₃₂.

For example, R₃₂ is H.

For example, R₃₂ is unsubstituted or substituted, straight-chain or branched C₁-C₆ alkyl, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine (e.g., —CF₃), chlorine, bromine, and iodine) or hydroxyl.

For example, R₃₂ is methyl, ethyl, t-butyl, or trifluoromethyl.

For example, R₃₂ is unsubstituted phenyl.

For example, R₃₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, t-butoxy, and ethylenedioxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)).

For example, R₃₂ is heteroaryl selected from pyrrolyl, furanyl, thienyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, triazinyl, benzoxazolyl, benzodioxazolyl, benzoxadiazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, benzoimidazolyl, benzothienyl, methylenedioxyphenyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, naphthrydinyl, indolyl, benzofuranyl, purinyl, deazapurinyl, indolizinyl, imidazothiazolyl, and quinoxalinyl, and the like, and is optionally substituted with one, two or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, unsubstituted or substituted amino, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)).

For example, R₃₂ is pyrazinyl, and is optionally substituted with methyl, ethyl or t-butyl.

For example, Q_(y4) is —C(O)R₃₂, —C(O)OR₃₂.

For example, R₃₂ is H.

For example, R₃₂ is unsubstituted or substituted, straight-chain or branched C₁-C₆ alkyl, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl.

For example, R₃₂ is methyl or ethyl.

For example, Q_(y4) is —NHC(O)R₃₂, —NHC(O)OR₃₂, or —C(O)NR₃₂R₃₂′.

For example, Q_(y4) is —C(O)NR₃₂R₃₂′.

For example, both R₃₂ and R₃₂′ are H.

For example, at least one of R₃₂ and R₃₂′ is -T_(y5)-Q_(y5).

For example, T_(y5) is a bond.

For example, T_(y5) is unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl linker, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, n-hexyl, 1,2-dimethylpropyl, and 1-methylbutyl linker.

For example, T_(y5) is a methyl, ethyl, propyl, i-propyl, butyl, 1,2-dimethylpropyl, or 1-methylbutyl linker. For example, T_(y5) is ethyl substituted with C(O)NH₂.

For example, Q_(y5) is H.

For example, Q_(y5) is unsubstituted phenyl.

For example, Q_(y5) is phenyl substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, t-butoxy, and ethylenedioxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), unsubstituted or substituted C₆-C₁₀ aryloxy (e.g., phenoxy), and —NHC(O)R_(akhr), wherein R_(akhr) is H, or unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl).

For example, Q_(y5) is phenyl substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine), methyl, ethyl, t-butyl, trifluoromethyl, methoxy, ethoxy, t-butoxy, phenoxy, and —NHC(O)R_(akhr), wherein R_(akhr) is H, methyl or ethyl.

For example, Q_(y5) is heteroaryl selected from pyrrolyl, furanyl, thienyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, triazinyl, benzoxazolyl, benzodioxazolyl, benzoxadiazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, benzoimidazolyl, benzothienyl, methylenedioxyphenyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, naphthrydinyl, indolyl, benzofuranyl, purinyl, deazapurinyl, indolizinyl, imidazothiazolyl, quinoxalinyl, and pyrrolopyrimidinyl, and the like, and is optionally substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, unsubstituted or substituted amino, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)).

For example, Q_(y5) is pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxazolyl, pyridinyl, furanyl, indolyl, or benzoimidazolyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from methyl or ethyl.

For example, Q_(y5) is cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, or cycloheptyl, and is optionally substituted with unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of or which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)).

For example, Q_(y5) is cyclohexyl or cycloheptyl, which is optionally substituted with methyl or ethyl.

For example, Q_(y5) is heterocycle selected from pyrrolidinyl, pyrrolidinone, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, triazolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, and pyrrolidinone, and the like, and is optionally substituted. For example, Q_(y5) is substituted with CH₂OH.

For example, Q_(y5) is pyrrolidinyl, pyrrolidinone, piperidinyl, morpholinyl, or tetrahydrofuranyl, and is optionally substituted.

For example, Q_(y5) is —OR_(akhr).

For example, R_(akhr) is H.

For example, R_(akhr) is unsubstituted or substituted, straight-chain or branched C₁-C₆ alkyl, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl.

For example, R_(akhr) is methyl, ethyl, or t-butyl.

For example, R_(akhr) is unsubstituted phenyl.

For example, R_(akhr) is phenyl substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, t-butoxy, and ethylenedioxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)).

For example, Q_(y5) is —NR_(akhr)R_(akhr)′, —NHC(O)R_(akhr), —NHC(O)OR_(akhr), —C(O)NR_(akhr)R_(akhr)′, —C(O)R_(akhr), or —C(O)OR_(akhr).

For example, Q_(y5) is —NR_(akhr)R_(akhr)′, —NHC(O)R_(akhr), or —C(O)NR_(akhr)R_(akhr)′.

For example, both R_(akhr) and R_(akhr)′ are H.

For example, at least one of R_(akhr) and R_(akhr)′ is unsubstituted or substituted, straight-chain or branched C₁-C₆ alkyl, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl.

For example, at least one of R_(akhr) and R_(akhr)′ is methyl or ethyl.

For example, R_(akhr) and R_(akhr)′ are both methyl or ethyl.

For example, R₃₂ and R₃₂′, together with the atom they attach to, form a 5- or 6-member ring selected from pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, triazolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl and is optionally substituted with -T_(y6)-Q_(y6).

For example, R₃₂ and R₃₂′, together with the atom they attach to, form a 5- or 6-member ring selected from pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, and piperazinyl, and is optionally substituted with -T_(y6)-Q_(y6).

For example, T_(y6) is a bond.

For example, T_(y6) is unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl linker, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl linker.

For example, T_(y6) is a methyl or ethyl linker.

For example, Q_(y6) is H.

For example, Q_(y6) is unsubstituted phenyl.

For example, Q_(y6) is phenyl substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, t-butoxy, and ethylenedioxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)).

For example, Q_(y6) is phenyl substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from methyl, ethyl, and t-butyl.

For example, Q_(y6) is heteroaryl selected from pyrrolyl, furanyl, thienyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, triazinyl, benzoxazolyl, benzodioxazolyl, benzoxadiazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, benzoimidazolyl, benzothienyl, methylenedioxyphenyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, naphthrydinyl, indolyl, benzofuranyl, purinyl, deazapurinyl, indolizinyl, imidazothiazolyl, quinoxalinyl, benzoimidazolonyl, benzodihydroimidazolone, and pyrrolopyrimidinyl, and the like, and is optionally substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, unsubstituted or substituted amino, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)).

For example, Q_(y6) is pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, or benzodihydroimidazolone, each of which is optionally substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from methyl or ethyl.

For example, Q_(y6) is cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, or cycloheptyl, and is optionally substituted with unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of or which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)).

For example, Q_(y6) is heterocycle selected from pyrrolidinyl, pyrrolidinone, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, triazolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, and pyrrolidinone, and the like, and is optionally substituted.

For example, Q_(y6) is —NR_(akhr)R_(akhr)′.

For example, both R_(akhr) and R_(akhr)′ are H.

For example, at least one of R_(akhr) and R_(akhr)′ is unsubstituted or substituted, straight-chain or branched C₁-C₆ alkyl, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl.

For example, at least one of R_(akhr) and R_(akhr)′ is methyl or ethyl.

For example, R_(akhr) and R_(akhr)′ are both methyl or ethyl.

For example, Q_(y6) is —C(O)NR₃₄R₃₄′.

For example, R₃₄ and R₃₄′ are both H.

For example, at least one of R₃₄ and R₃₄′ is unsubstituted or substituted, straight-chain or branched C₁-C₆ alkyl, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl.

For example, R₃₄ and R₃₄′, together with the atom they attach to, form a 5- or 6-member ring selected from pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, triazolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl and is optionally substituted.

For example, R₃₄ and R₃₄′, together with the atom they attach to, form a pyrrolidinyl ring, and is optionally substituted.

For example, Q_(y3) is unsubstituted naphthyl.

For example, Q_(y3) is heteroaryl selected from pyrrolyl, furanyl, thienyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, triazinyl, benzoxazolyl, benzodioxazolyl, benzoxadiazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, benzoimidazolyl, benzothienyl, methylenedioxyphenyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, naphthrydinyl, indolyl, benzofuranyl, purinyl, deazapurinyl, indolizinyl, imidazothiazolyl, quinoxalinyl, dihydrobenzofuranyl, and pyrrolopyrimidinyl, and the like, and is optionally substituted with one, two or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, unsubstituted or substituted amino, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), and unsubstituted or substituted phenyl.

For example, Q_(y3) is oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, triazinyl, thienyl, benzothiadiazolyl, or dihydrobenzofuranyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one, two or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine), methyl, ethyl, t-butyl, trifluoromethyl, and phenyl.

For example, Q_(y3) is cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, or cycloheptyl, and is optionally substituted with unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of or which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)).

For example, Q_(y3) is cyclohexyl.

For example, Q_(y3) is heterocycle selected from pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, triazolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, and pyrrolidinone, and the like, and is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)).

For example, Q_(y3) is —C(O)OR₃₁, —C(O)R₃₁, —C(O)NR₃₁R₃₁′, or —NR₃₁R₃₁′.

For example, Q_(y3) is —C(O)OR₃₁ or —NR₃₁R₃₁′.

For example, R₃₁ and R₃₁′ are both H.

For example, at least one of R₃₁ and R₃₁′ is unsubstituted or substituted, straight-chain or branched C₁-C₆ alkyl, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine), hydroxyl, or unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy).

For example, at least one of R₃₁ and R₃₁′ is methyl or ethyl optionally substituted with hydroxyl.

For example, R₂ and R₂′, together with the atom they attach to, form a 5-, 6- or 7-member ring selected from pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, triazolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, azepanyl, and diazepanyl, and the like and is optionally substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from -T_(y7)-Q_(y7), wherein:

-   -   T_(y7) is a bond, or unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl         linker;     -   Q_(y7) is H, unsubstituted or substituted phenyl, unsubstituted         or substituted heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-member         ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, unsubstituted         or substitute C₃-C₈ carbocycle, unsubstituted or substituted         heterocycle comprising one or two 5- or 6-member ring and 1-4         heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, —C(O)NR₃₃R₃₃′,         —C(O)ONR₃₃R₃₃′, or —NR₃₃R₃₃′; and     -   R₃₃ and R₃₃′ are each independently H, unsubstituted or         substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted phenyl,         unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl comprising one or two 5-         or 6-member ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S,         unsubstituted or substitute C₃-C₈ carbocycle, unsubstituted or         substituted heterocycle comprising one or two 5- or 6-member         ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, or R₃₃ and         R₃₃′, together with the atom they attach to, form a 5- or         6-member ring which optionally comprises 1-4 heteroatoms         selected from N, O and S and is optionally substituted.

For example, R₂ and R₂′, together with the atom they attach to, form a 5-, 6- or 7-member ring selected from piperidinyl, piperazinyl, pyrrolidinyl, and diazepanyl, and is optionally substituted with -T_(y7)-Q_(y7).

For example, T_(y7) is a bond.

For example, T_(y7) is unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl linker, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl linker.

For example, T_(y7) is a methyl, ethyl, or propyl linker.

For example, Q_(y7) is H.

For example, Q_(y7) is unsubstituted phenyl.

For example, Q_(y7) is phenyl substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, t-butoxy, and ethylenedioxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)).

For example, Q_(y7) is phenyl substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine), methyl, ethyl, -t-butyl, methoxy, ethoxy and t-butoxy.

For example, Q_(y7) is heteroaryl e.g., indole.

For example, Q_(y7) is —C(O)NR₃₃R₃₃′ or —NR₃₃R₃₃′

For example, R₃₃ and R₃₃′ are both H.

For example, at least one of R₃₃ and R₃₃′ is unsubstituted or substituted, straight-chain or branched C₁-C₆ alkyl, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl.

For example, at least one of R₃₃ and R₃₃′ is unsubstituted or substituted phenyl.

For example, at least one of R₃₃ and R₃₃′ is heteroaryl selected from pyrrolyl, furanyl, thienyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, triazinyl, benzoxazolyl, benzodioxazolyl, benzoxadiazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, benzoimidazolyl, benzothienyl, methylenedioxyphenyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, naphthrydinyl, indolyl, benzofuranyl, purinyl, deazapurinyl, indolizinyl, imidazothiazolyl, quinoxalinyl, and pyrrolopyrimidinyl, and the like, and is optionally substituted.

For example, at least one of R₃₃ and R₃₃′ is cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, or cycloheptyl, and is optionally substituted.

For example, at least one of R₃₃ and R₃₃′ is heterocycle selected from pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, triazolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, and pyrrolidinone, and the like, and is optionally substituted.

For example, R₃₃ and R₃₃′, together with the atom they attach to, form a 5- or 6-member ring selected from pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, triazolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, and pyrrolidinone, and the like, and is optionally substituted.

For example, R₃₃ and R₃₃′, together with the atom they attach to, form a 5- or 6-member ring selected from morpholinyl.

For example, Y is CHR_(y)′.

For example, R_(y)′ is H.

For example, R_(y)′ is unsubstituted phenyl.

For example, R_(y)′ is phenyl substituted with one, two, three or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, t-butoxy, and ethylenedioxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), —NHC(O)R_(akhr), —NHC(O)OR_(akhr), —C(O)R_(akhr), and —C(O)OR_(akhr), wherein R_(akhr) is H, or unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl).

For example, R_(y)′ is phenyl substituted with one, two, three or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine), methyl, ethyl, t-butyl, trifluoromethyl, methoxy, ethoxy, trifluoromethoxy, cyano, and —NHC(O)R_(akhr), wherein R_(akhr) is H, methyl, ethyl, or t-butyl.

For example, R_(y)′ is unsubstituted naphthyl.

For example, R_(y)′ is naphthyl substituted with one, two, three or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), —NHC(O)R_(akhr), —NHC(O)OR_(akhr), —C(O)R_(akhr), and —C(O)OR_(akhr), wherein R_(akhr) is H, or unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl).

For example, R_(y)′ is naphthyl substituted with one, two, three or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine).

For example, R_(y)′ is heteroaryl selected from pyrrolyl, furanyl, thienyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, triazinyl, benzoxazolyl, benzodioxazolyl, benzoxadiazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, benzoimidazolyl, benzothienyl, methylenedioxyphenyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, naphthrydinyl, indolyl, benzofuranyl, purinyl, deazapurinyl, indolizinyl, imidazothiazolyl, quinoxalinyl, and pyrrolopyrimidinyl, and the like, and is optionally substituted with one, two, three or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, unsubstituted or substituted amino, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), —NHC(O)R_(akhr), —NHC(O)OR_(akhr), —C(O)R_(akhr), and —C(O)OR_(akhr), wherein R_(akhr) is H, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl), unsubstituted or substituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl, or unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-member ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S.

For example, R_(y)′ is imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, pyrimidinyl, triazinyl, quinolinyl, purinyl, thienyl, quinolinyl, benzoxadiazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, benzothienyl, or pyrrolopyrimidiyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one, two, three or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from selected from halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine), amino, methyl, ethyl, t-butyl, trifluoromethyl, and —C(O)R_(akhr), wherein R_(akhr) is H, methyl, ethyl, t-butyl, or phenyl.

For example, R_(y)′ is cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, or cycloheptyl, and is optionally substituted with unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of or which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)).

For example, R_(y)′ is heterocycle selected from pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, triazolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, and pyrrolidinone, and the like, and is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)).

For example, R₃″ is H.

For example, R₃″ is unsubstituted or substituted, straight-chain or branched C₁-C₆ alkyl, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl.

For example, both R₃ and R₃′ are H.

For example, at least one of R₃ and R₃′ is -T_(y1)-Q_(y1)′.

For example, T_(y1)′ is a bond.

For example, T_(y1)′ is unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl linker, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl linker.

For example, T_(y1)′ is a methyl, ethyl, propyl, or t-butyl linker.

For example, Q_(y1)′ is H.

For example, Q_(y1)′ is unsubstituted phenyl.

For example, Q_(y1)′ is phenyl substituted with one, two or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, t-butoxy, methylenedioxy, and ethylenedioxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine (e.g., —OCF₃), chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), unsubstituted or substituted phenyl, unsubstituted or substituted C₆-C₁₀ aryloxy (e.g., phenoxy), —NR_(akhr)R_(akhr)′, —C(O)R_(akhr)R_(akhr)′, —C(O)OR_(akhr), —S(O)₂R_(akhr), and —NHC(O)R_(akhr)R_(akhr)′, wherein R_(akhr) and R_(akhr)′ are each independently H, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl)

For example, Q_(y1)′ is phenyl substituted with one, two or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine.

For example, Q_(y1)′ is phenyl substituted with one, two or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from methyl, ethyl, t-butyl, and trifluoromethyl.

For example, Q_(y1)′ is phenyl substituted with one, two or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from methoxy, ethoxy, trifluoromethoxy, phenoxy, and ethylenedioxy. For example, Q_(y1)′ is phenyl substituted with two groups that connect to form a fused 6-membered ring:

For example, Q_(y1)′ is phenyl substituted with one, two or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from —NR_(akhr)R_(akhr)′, —C(O)R_(akhr)R_(akhr)′, —S(O)₂R_(akhr), and —NHC(O)R_(akhr)R_(akhr)′, wherein at least one of R_(akhr) and R_(akhr)′ is methyl or ethyl.

For example, Q_(y1)′ is phenyl substituted with one, two or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, methyl, ethyl, t-butyl, trifluoromethyl, methoxy, ethoxy, trifluoromethoxy, phenyl, phenoxy, —NR_(akhr)R_(akhr)′, —C(O)R_(akhr)R_(akhr)′, —S(O)₂R_(akhr), and —NHC(O)R_(akhr)R_(akhr)′, wherein at least one of R_(akhr) and R_(akhr)′ is methyl or ethyl.

For example, Q_(y1)′ is unsubstituted naphthyl.

For example, Q_(y1)′ is naphthyl substituted with one, two or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)).

For example, Q_(y1)′ is naphthyl substituted with one, two or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from methyl, ethyl, and halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine).

For example, Q_(y1)′ is fluorenyl, and is optionally substituted.

For example, Q_(y1)′ is dihydroindenyl, and is optionally substituted.

For example, Q_(y1)′ is heteroaryl selected from pyrrolyl, furanyl, thienyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, triazinyl, benzoxazolyl, benzoisoxazolyl, benzodioxazolyl, benzoxadiazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, benzoimidazolyl, benzothienyl, methylenedioxyphenyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, naphthrydinyl, indolyl, benzofuranyl, purinyl, purinone, deazapurinyl, indolizinyl, imidazothiazolyl, dihydrobenzofuranyl, quinoxalinyl, and pyrrolopyrimidinyl, dihydrobenzofuran, dihydrobenzothiophene, pyrazolopyrimidinyl, and the like, and is optionally substituted with one, two or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen, unsubstituted or substituted amino, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), unsubstituted or substituted C₆-C₁₀ aryloxy (e.g., phenoxy), and unsubstituted or substituted phenyl.

For example, Q_(y1)′ is oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, triazinyl, thienyl, purinyl, purinone, quinolinyl, benzothienyl, benzoxazolyl, benzoisoxazolyl, benzoxadiazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, pyrrolopyrimidinyl, or dihydrobenzofuranyl, each of which is substituted with one, two or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine), methyl, ethyl, amino, phenyl, and phenoxy.

For example, Q_(y1′) is cyclopropyl.

For example, Q_(y1)′ is —C(O)OR₂₁, —C(O)R₂₁, —C(O)NR₂₁R₂₁′, or —NR₂₁R₂₁′.

For example, Q_(y1)′ is —C(O)OR₂₁.

For example, R₂₁ is H.

For example, R₂₁ is unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl.

For example, R₂₁ is methyl or ethyl.

The present invention also provides the compounds of Formulae IVa and IVb:

or a salt, solvate, hydrate or prodrug thereof, wherein:

R_(c1) is H, halogen, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted phenyl, or unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-member ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S;

R_(c2) is H, or unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl;

R_(c3) and R_(c4) are each independently H, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, or R_(c3) and R_(c4), together with the atoms they attach to, form a 5-, 6- or 7-member ring which optionally comprises 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S and is optionally substituted;

R_(c6) is H, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, or unsubstituted or substituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl;

R_(y) is H, unsubstituted or substituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl, unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-member ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₈ carbocycle, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycle comprising one or two 5- or 6-member ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, —S(O)₂R₁, —C(O)R₁, —C(O)OR₁, —(CH₂)_(o)R₁, —C(═NH)NR₂R₂′, —C(O)NR₂R₂′, or —C(S)NR₂R₂′;

o is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4;

R₁ is H, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, or -T_(y1)-Q_(y1);

R₂ and R₂′ are each independently H, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, -T_(y3)-Q_(y3), or R₂ and R₂′, together with the atom they attach to, form a 5-, 6- or 7-member ring which comprises 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S and is optionally substituted;

R_(y)′ is H, unsubstituted or substituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl, unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-member ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₈ carbocycle, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycle comprising one or two 5- or 6-member ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, —NR₃R₃′, —NR₃″C(O)NR₃R₃′, —NR₃″C(O)R₃, —NR₃″C(O)OR₃, —NR₃″S(O)₂R₃, or —C(O)NR₃R₃′;

R₃ and R₃′ are each independently H, or -T_(y1)′-Q_(y1)′;

R₃″ is H, or unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl;

T_(y1), T_(y1)′ and T_(y3) are each independently a bond, or unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl linker;

Q_(y1) is H, unsubstituted or substituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl, unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-member ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₈ carbocycle, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycle comprising one or two 5- or 6-member ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S; —C(O)OR₂₁; —C(O)R₂₁, —C(O)NR₂₁R₂₁′, or —NR₂₁R₂₁′;

Q_(y1)′ is H, unsubstituted or substituted C₆-C₁₅ aryl, unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-member ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₈ carbocycle, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycle comprising one or two 5- or 6-member ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, —C(O)OR₂₁, —C(O)R₂₁, —C(O)NR₂₁R₂₁′, or —NR₂₁R₂₁′;

Q_(y3) is H, unsubstituted or substituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl, unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-member ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₈ carbocycle, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycle comprising one or two 5- or 6-member ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, —C(O)OR₃₁, —C(O)R₃₁, —C(O)NR₃₁R₃₁′, or —NR₃₁R₃₁′; and

R₂₁, R₂₁′, R₃₁ and R₃₁′ are each independently H, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl, or unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-member ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S.

For example, R_(c1) is H.

For example, R_(c1) is fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine.

For example, R_(c1) is unsubstituted or substituted, straight chain or branched C₁-C₆ alkyl, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl.

For example, R_(c1) is methyl.

For example, R_(c1) is unsubstituted phenyl.

For example, R_(c1) is phenyl substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), and -T_(c1)-Q_(c1), wherein:

T_(c1) is a bond, or unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl linker;

Q_(c1) is H, —NR_(c11)R_(c11)′, —C(O)NR_(c11)R_(c11)′, —NHC(O)R_(c11), —NHC(O)OR_(c11), —NHC(O)NR_(c11)R_(c11)′, or —S(O)₂R_(c11); and

R_(c11) and R_(c11)′ are each independently H, or unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl.

For example, R_(c1) is phenyl substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from -T_(c1)-Q_(c1).

For example, T_(c1) is a bond.

For example, T_(c1) is unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl linker, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl linker.

For example, T_(c1) is a methyl linker.

For example, Q_(c1) is H.

For example, both R_(c11) and R_(c11)′ are H.

For example, at least one of R_(c11) and R_(c11)′ is unsubstituted or substituted, straight-chain or branched C₁-C₆ alkyl, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl.

For example, at least one of R_(c11) and R_(c11)′ is methyl, ethyl or t-butyl.

For example, R_(c1) is phenyl substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from methyl, ethyl, t-butyl and trifluoromethyl.

For example, R_(c1) is phenyl substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from methoxy, t-butoxy and trifluoromethoxy.

For example, R_(c1) is phenyl substituted with two or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, cyano, methyl, ethyl, t-butyl, trifluoromethyl, methoxy, t-butoxy, trifluoromethoxy, and halogen.

For example, R_(c1) is heteroaryl selected from pyrrolyl, furanyl, thienyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, benzoxazolyl, benzodioxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzoimidazolyl, benzothienyl, methylenedioxyphenyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, naphthrydinyl, indolyl, benzofuranyl, purinyl, deazapurinyl, indolizinyl, imidazothiazolyl, quinoxalinyl, tetrahydropyridinyl, pyrrolopyrimidinyl, and the like, and is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine), unsubstituted or substituted amino, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine)), C₆-C₁₀ aryl (e.g., phenyl, which is optionally substituted), heteroaryl (e.g., pyrrolyl, furanyl, thiophenyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, and pyrimidinyl, and the like, and is optionally substituted), C₃-C₈ carbocycle (e.g., cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, or cycloheptyl, and is optionally substituted), or heterocycle (e.g., pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, triazolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, and morpholinyl, and the like, and is optionally substituted).

For example, R_(c1) is heteroaryl selected from furanyl, pyrazolyl, purinyl, indolyl, tetrahydropyridinyl, and pyrrolopyrimidinyl, and is optionally substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same of different, selected from methyl, ethyl, t-butyl, amino, and heterocycle (e.g., piperidinyl, which is optionally substituted).

For example, R_(c2) is H.

For example, R_(c2) is unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl.

For example, R_(c2) is methyl substituted with unsubstituted phenyl.

For example, R_(c2) is methyl substituted with phenyl substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)).

For example, R_(c2) is methyl substituted with phenyl substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from methyl, ethyl, t-butyl, and trifluoromethyl.

For example, R_(c2) is methyl substituted with phenyl substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from methoxy, ethoxy, i-propyloxy, and t-butoxy.

For example, R_(c3) is H.

For example, R_(c3) is unsubstituted or substituted, straight-chain or branched C₁-C₆ alkyl, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl.

For example, R_(c4) is H.

For example, R_(c4) is unsubstituted or substituted, straight-chain or branched C₁-C₆ alkyl, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl.

For example, R_(c6) is H.

For example, R_(c6) is unsubstituted or substituted, straight-chain or branched C₁-C₆ alkyl, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl.

For example, all of R_(c3), R_(c4) and R_(c6) are H.

For example, R_(y) is H.

For example, R_(y) is unsubstituted phenyl.

For example, R_(y) is phenyl substituted with one, two, three or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, t-butoxy, and ethylenedioxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), —NHC(O)R_(akhr), —NHC(O)OR_(akhr), —C(O)R_(akhr), and —C(O)OR_(akhr), wherein R_(akhr) is H, or unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl).

For example, R_(y) is phenyl substituted with one, two, three or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine), methyl, ethyl, t-butyl, trifluoromethyl, methoxy, ethoxy, trifluoromethoxy, cyano, and —NHC(O)R_(akhr), wherein R_(akhr) is H, methyl, ethyl, or t-butyl.

For example, R_(y) is unsubstituted naphthyl.

For example, R_(y) is naphthyl substituted with one, two, three or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), —NHC(O)R_(akhr), —NHC(O)OR_(akhr), —C(O)R_(akhr), and —C(O)OR_(akhr), wherein R_(akhr) is H, or unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl).

For example, R_(y) is naphthyl substituted with one, two, three or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine).

For example, R_(y) is heteroaryl selected from pyrrolyl, furanyl, thienyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, triazinyl, benzoxazolyl, benzodioxazolyl, benzoxadiazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, benzoimidazolyl, benzothienyl, methylenedioxyphenyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, naphthrydinyl, indolyl, benzofuranyl, purinyl, deazapurinyl, indolizinyl, imidazothiazolyl, quinoxalinyl, and pyrrolopyrimidinyl, and the like, and is optionally substituted with one, two, three or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, unsubstituted or substituted amino, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), —NHC(O)R_(akhr), —NHC(O)OR_(akhr), —C(O)R_(akhr), and —C(O)OR_(akhr), wherein R_(akhr) is H, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl), unsubstituted or substituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl, or unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-member ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S.

For example, R_(y) is imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, pyrimidinyl, triazinyl, quinolinyl, purinyl, thienyl, quinolinyl, benzoxadiazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, benzothienyl, or pyrrolopyrimidiyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one, two, three or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from selected from halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine), amino, methyl, ethyl, t-butyl, trifluoromethyl, and —C(O)R_(akhr), wherein R_(akhr) is H, methyl, ethyl, t-butyl, or phenyl.

For example, R_(y) is cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, or cycloheptyl, and is optionally substituted with unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of or which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)).

For example, R_(y) is cyclopropyl.

For example, R_(y) is heterocycle selected from pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, triazolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, and pyrrolidinone, and the like, and is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)).

For example, R_(y) is —S(O)₂R₁, —C(O)R₁, —C(O)OR₁, —(CH₂)_(o)R₁.

For example, o is 0.

For example, o is 1.

For example, R₁ is H.

For example, R₁ is unsubstituted or substituted, straight-chain or branched C₁-C₆ alkyl, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl.

For example, R₁ is straight-chain or branched C₁-C₆ alkyl substituted with one, two, three or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from:

-   -   1) phenyl, which is optionally substituted with one or more         groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected         from unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl,         ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl,         s-pentyl, and n-hexyl), and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆         alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy,         i-butoxy, and t-butoxy);     -   2) unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy,         ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy);     -   3) —C(O)OR₁₁; —C(O)R₁₁; and     -   4) —NR₁₂R₁₃, wherein:         -   R₁₁ is H, or unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl;         -   R₁₂ and R₁₃ are each independently H, -T_(y2)-Q_(y2), or R₁₂             and R₁₃, together with the atom they attach to, form a 5- or             6-member ring;         -   T_(y2) is a bond, or unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆             alkyl linker;         -   Q_(y2) is H, hydroxyl, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆             alkoxy, unsubstituted or substituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl,             unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl comprising one or             two 5- or 6-member ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N,             O and S, unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₈ carbocycle,             unsubstituted or substituted heterocycle comprising one or             two 5- or 6-member ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N,             O and S, —NR_(akhr)R_(akhr)′, —C(O)R_(akhr), —C(O)OR_(akhr);             and         -   R_(akhr) and R_(akhr)′ are each independently H,             unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, unsubstituted or             substituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl, or unsubstituted or substituted             heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-member ring and 1-4             heteroatoms selected from N, O and S.

For example, R₁ is methyl substitute with unsubstituted phenyl.

For example, R₁ is methyl substitute with phenyl substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)).

For example, R₁ is methyl substitute with methoxy, ethoxy, or t-butoxy.

For example, R₁ is methyl substitute with two or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from:

-   -   1) phenyl, which is optionally substituted with one or more         groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected         from hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, unsubstituted or         substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl,         i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and         n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen         (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), unsubstituted         or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy,         i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is         optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine,         bromine, and iodine)); and     -   2) one of the following:         -   i) —C(O)OR₁₁;         -   ii) methoxy, ethoxy, i-propyloxy, or t-butoxy; or         -   iii) —NR₁₂R₁₃.

For example, R₁ is methyl substitute with —C(O)OR₁₁.

For example, R₁₁ is H.

For example, R₁₁ is unsubstituted or substituted, straight-chain or branched C₁-C₆ alkyl, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl.

For example, R₁ is methyl substitute with —NR₁₂R₁₃.

For example, both R₁₂ and R₁₃ are H.

For example, at least one of R₁₂ and R₁₃ is -T_(y2)-Q_(y2).

For example, T_(y2) is a bond.

For example, T_(y2) is unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl linker, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl linker.

For example, T_(y2) is a methyl, ethyl, or propyl linker.

For example, Q_(y2) is H.

For example, Q_(y2) is hydroxyl.

For example, Q_(y2) is unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy, including but not limited to, methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy.

For example, Q_(y2) is methoxy.

For example, Q_(y2) is unsubstituted or substituted phenyl or naphthyl.

For example, Q_(y2) is unsubstituted phenyl.

For example, Q_(y2) is phenyl substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)).

For example, Q_(y2) is heteroaryl selected from pyrrolyl, furanyl, thienyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, benzoxazolyl, benzodioxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzoimidazolyl, benzothienyl, methylenedioxyphenyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, naphthrydinyl, indolyl, benzofuranyl, purinyl, deazapurinyl, indolizinyl, imidazothiazolyl, and quinoxalinyl, and the like, and is optionally substituted.

For example, Q_(y2) is indolyl.

For example, Q_(y2) is cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, or cycloheptyl, and is optionally substituted.

For example, Q_(y2) is heterocycle selected from pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, triazolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, and pyrrolidinone, and the like, and is optionally substituted.

For example, Q_(y2) is piperidinyl.

For example, Q_(y2) is —NR_(akhr)R_(akhr)′.

For example, Q_(y2) is —C(O)OR_(akhr).

For example, both R_(akhr) and R_(akhr)′ are H.

For example, at least one of R_(akhr) and R_(akhr)′ is unsubstituted or substituted, straight-chain or branched C₁-C₆ alkyl, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl.

For example, at least one of R_(akhr) and R_(akhr)′ is methyl or t-butyl.

For example, R₁₂ and R₁₃, together with the atom they attach to, form a 5- or 6-member ring selected from pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, triazolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, and morpholinyl, and the like, and is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine), unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl), unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy), unsubstituted or substituted amino, —C(O)R_(akhr), or —C(O)OR_(akhr), wherein R_(akhr) is H, or unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl).

For example, R₁₂ and R₁₃, together with the atom they attach to, form a piperidinyl or piperazinyl, and is optionally substituted with halogen, methyl, ethyl, t-butyl, methoxy, ethoxy, i-propyloxy, t-butoxy, or —C(O)OR_(akhr), wherein R_(akhr) is methyl, ethyl, or t-butyl.

For example, R₁ is -T_(y1)-Q_(y1).

For example, T_(y1) is a bond.

For example, T_(y1) is unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl linker, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl linker.

For example, T_(y1) is a methyl, ethyl, propyl, or i-propyl linker.

For example, Q_(y1) is H.

For example, Q_(y1) is unsubstituted phenyl.

For example, Q_(y1) is phenyl substituted with one, two, three or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, t-butoxy, and ethylenedioxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), —NHC(O)R_(akhr), —NHC(O)OR_(akhr), —C(O)R_(akhr), and —C(O)OR_(akhr), wherein R_(akhr) is H, or unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl).

For example, Q_(y1) is phenyl substituted with one, two, three or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine), methyl, ethyl, t-butyl, trifluoromethyl, methoxy, ethoxy, trifluoromethoxy, cyano, and —NHC(O)R_(akhr), wherein R_(akhr) is H, methyl, ethyl, or t-butyl.

For example, Q_(y1) is unsubstituted naphthyl.

For example, Q_(y1) is naphthyl substituted with one, two, three or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), —NHC(O)R_(akhr), —NHC(O)OR_(akhr), —C(O)R_(akhr), and —C(O)OR_(akhr), wherein R_(akhr) is H, or unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl).

For example, Q_(y1) is naphthyl substituted with one, two, three or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine).

For example, Q_(y1) is heteroaryl selected from pyrrolyl, furanyl, thienyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, triazinyl, benzoxazolyl, benzodioxazolyl, benzoxadiazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, benzoimidazolyl, benzothienyl, methylenedioxyphenyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, naphthrydinyl, indolyl, benzofuranyl, purinyl, deazapurinyl, indolizinyl, imidazothiazolyl, quinoxalinyl, and pyrrolopyrimidinyl, and the like, and is optionally substituted with one, two, three or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, unsubstituted or substituted amino, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), —NHC(O)R_(akhr), —NHC(O)OR_(akhr), —C(O)R_(akhr), and —C(O)OR_(akhr), wherein R_(akhr) is H, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl), unsubstituted or substituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl, or unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-member ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S.

For example, Q_(y1) is imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, pyrimidinyl, triazinyl, quinolinyl, purinyl, thienyl, quinolinyl, benzoxadiazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, benzothienyl, or pyrrolopyrimidiyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one, two, three or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from selected from halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine), amino, methyl, ethyl, t-butyl, trifluoromethyl, and —C(O)R_(akhr), wherein R_(akhr) is H, methyl, ethyl, t-butyl, or phenyl.

For example, Q_(y1) is cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, or cycloheptyl, and is optionally substituted with unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of or which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)).

For example, Q_(y1) is cyclopropyl.

For example, Q_(y1) is heterocycle selected from pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, triazolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, and pyrrolidinone, and the like, and is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)).

For example, R_(y) is —C(═NH)NR₂R₂′.

For example, both R₂ and R₂′ are H.

For example, R_(y) is —C(S)NR₂R₂′.

For example, both R₂ and R₂′ are phenyl.

For example, R_(y) is —C(═NH)NR₂R₂′, —C(O)NR₂R₂′, or —C(S)NR₂R₂′.

For example, both R₂ and R₂′ are H.

For example, at least one of R₂ and R₂′ is unsubstituted or substituted, straight-chain or branched C₁-C₆ alkyl, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl.

For example, at least one of R₂ and R₂′ is -T_(y3)-Q_(y3).

For example, T_(y3) is a bond.

For example, T_(y3) is unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl linker, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, n-hexyl, and 2-methylpropyl linker.

For example, T_(y3) is a methyl, ethyl, propyl, or 2-methylpropyl linker.

For example, Q_(y3) is H.

For example, Q_(y3) is unsubstituted phenyl.

For example, Q_(y3) is phenyl substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from -T_(y4)-Q_(y)4, wherein:

-   -   T_(y4), T_(y5) and T_(y6) are each independently a bond, or         unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl linker;     -   Q_(y4) is H, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl,         unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy, halogen, nitro,         unsubstituted or substituted phenyl, unsubstituted or         substituted heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-member ring         and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, unsubstituted or         substituted C₃-C₈ carbocycle, unsubstituted or substituted         heterocycle comprising one or two 5- or 6-member ring and 1-4         heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, —NR₃₂R₃₂′, —NHC(O)R₃₂,         —NHC(O)OR₃₂, —C(O)OR₃₂, —C(O)OR₃₂, —OR₃₂, —SR₃₂, —C(O)NR₃₂R₃₂′;     -   R₃₂ and R₃₂′ are each independently H, unsubstituted or         substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted phenyl,         unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl comprising one or two 5-         or 6-member ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S,         -T_(y5)-Q_(y5), or R₃₂ and R₃₂′, together with the atom they         attach to, form a 5- or 6-member ring which optionally comprises         1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S and is optionally         substituted with -T_(y6)-Q_(y6);     -   Q_(y5) is H, hydroxyl, unsubstituted or substituted phenyl,         unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl comprising one or two 5-         or 6-member ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S,         unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₈ carbocycle, unsubstituted or         substituted heterocycle comprising one or two 5- or 6-member         ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, —OR_(akhr),         —NR_(akhr)R_(akhr)′, —NHC(O)R_(akhr), —NHC(O)OR_(akhr),         —C(O)NR_(akhr)R_(akhr)′, —C(O)R_(akhr), or —C(O)OR_(akhr);     -   Q_(y6) is H, hydroxyl, unsubstituted or substituted phenyl,         unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl comprising one or two 5-         or 6-member ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S,         unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₈ carbocycle, unsubstituted or         substituted heterocycle comprising one or two 5- or 6-member         ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S,         —NR_(akhr)R_(akhr)′, —C(O)NR₃₄R₃₄′,     -   R_(akhr) and R_(akhr)′ are each independently H, unsubstituted         or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted C₆-C₁₀         aryl, or unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl comprising one         or two 5- or 6-member ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N,         O and S;     -   R₃₄ and R₃₄′ are each independently H, unsubstituted or         substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, or R₃₄ and R₃₄′, together with the atom         they attach to, form a 5- or 6-member ring which optionally         comprises 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S and is         optionally substituted.

For example, T_(y4) is a bond.

For example, T_(y4) is unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl linker, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl linker.

For example, T_(y4) is a methyl or t-butyl linker.

For example, Q_(y4) is H.

For example, Q_(y4) is unsubstituted or substituted, straight-chain or branched C₁-C₆ alkyl, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine).

For example, Q_(y4) is methyl, ethyl, t-butyl, or trifluoromethyl.

For example, Q_(y4) is unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy, including but not limited to, methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, t-butoxy, and methylenedioxy.

For example, Q_(y4) is methoxy, ethoxy, or methylenedioxy.

For example, Q_(y4) is fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine.

For example, Q_(y4) is unsubstituted phenyl.

For example, Q_(y4) is phenyl substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, t-butoxy, and ethylenedioxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)).

For example, Q_(y4) is heteroaryl selected from heteroaryl selected from pyrrolyl, furanyl, thienyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, triazinyl, benzoxazolyl, benzodioxazolyl, benzoxadiazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, benzoimidazolyl, benzothienyl, methylenedioxyphenyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, naphthrydinyl, indolyl, benzofuranyl, purinyl, deazapurinyl, indolizinyl, imidazothiazolyl, quinoxalinyl, and pyrrolopyrimidinyl, and the like, and is optionally substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, unsubstituted or substituted amino, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)).

For example, Q_(y4) is thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, or oxadiazolyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from methyl, ethyl, and t-butyl.

For example, Q_(y4) is cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, or cycloheptyl, and is optionally substituted.

For example, Q_(y4) is heterocycle selected from pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, triazolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, and pyrrolidinone, and the like, and is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)).

For example, Q_(y4) is piperazinyl or piperazinyl, and is optionally substituted with methyl, ethyl, or t-butyl.

For example, Q_(y4) is —NR₃₂R₃₂′.

For example, both R₃₂ and R₃₂′ are H.

For example, at least one of R₃₂ and R₃₂′ is unsubstituted or substituted, straight-chain or branched C₁-C₆ alkyl, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl.

For example, at least one of R₃₂ and R₃₂′ is methyl or ethyl.

For example, R₃₂ and R₃₂′ are both methyl or ethyl.

For example, Q_(y4) is —OR₃₂ or —SR₃₂.

For example, R₃₂ is H.

For example, R₃₂ is unsubstituted or substituted, straight-chain or branched C₁-C₆ alkyl, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine).

For example, R₃₂ is methyl, ethyl, t-butyl, or trifluoromethyl.

For example, R₃₂ is unsubstituted phenyl.

For example, R₃₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, t-butoxy, and ethylenedioxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)).

For example, R₃₂ is heteroaryl selected from pyrrolyl, furanyl, thienyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, triazinyl, benzoxazolyl, benzodioxazolyl, benzoxadiazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, benzoimidazolyl, benzothienyl, methylenedioxyphenyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, naphthrydinyl, indolyl, benzofuranyl, purinyl, deazapurinyl, indolizinyl, imidazothiazolyl, and quinoxalinyl, and the like, and is optionally substituted with one, two or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, unsubstituted or substituted amino, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)).

For example, R₃₂ is pyrazinyl, and is optionally substituted with methyl, ethyl or t-butyl.

For example, Q_(y4) is —C(O)R₃₂, —C(O)OR₃₂.

For example, R₃₂ is H.

For example, R₃₂ is unsubstituted or substituted, straight-chain or branched C₁-C₆ alkyl, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl.

For example, R₃₂ is methyl or ethyl.

For example, Q_(y4) is —NHC(O)R₃₂, —NHC(O)OR₃₂, or —C(O)NR₃₂R₃₂′.

For example, Q_(y4) is —C(O)NR₃₂R₃₂′.

For example, both R₃₂ and R₃₂′ are H.

For example, at least one of R₃₂ and R₃₂′ is -T_(y5)-Q_(y5).

For example, T_(y5) is a bond.

For example, T_(y5) is unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl linker, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, n-hexyl, 1,2-dimethylpropyl, and 1-methylbutyl linker.

For example, T_(y5) is a methyl, ethyl, propyl, i-propyl, butyl, 1,2-dimethylpropyl, or 1-methylbutyl linker.

For example, Q_(y5) is H.

For example, Q_(y5) is unsubstituted phenyl.

For example, Q_(y5) is phenyl substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, t-butoxy, and ethylenedioxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), unsubstituted or substituted C₆-C₁₀ aryloxy (e.g., phenoxy), and —NHC(O)R_(akhr), wherein R_(akhr) is H, or unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl).

For example, Q_(y5) is phenyl substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine), methyl, ethyl, t-butyl, trifluoromethyl, methoxy, ethoxy, t-butoxy, phenoxy, and —NHC(O)R_(akhr), wherein R_(akhr) is H, methyl or ethyl.

For example, Q_(y5) is heteroaryl selected from pyrrolyl, furanyl, thienyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, triazinyl, benzoxazolyl, benzodioxazolyl, benzoxadiazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, benzoimidazolyl, benzothienyl, methylenedioxyphenyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, naphthrydinyl, indolyl, benzofuranyl, purinyl, deazapurinyl, indolizinyl, imidazothiazolyl, quinoxalinyl, and pyrrolopyrimidinyl, and the like, and is optionally substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, unsubstituted or substituted amino, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)).

For example, Q_(y5) is pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxazolyl, pyridinyl, furanyl, indolyl, or benzoimidazolyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from methyl or ethyl.

For example, Q_(y5) is cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, or cycloheptyl, and is optionally substituted with unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of or which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)).

For example, Q_(y5) is cyclohexyl or cycloheptyl, which is optionally substituted with methyl or ethyl.

For example, Q_(y5) is heterocycle selected from pyrrolidinyl, pyrrolidinone, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, triazolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, and pyrrolidinone, and the like, and is optionally substituted.

For example, Q_(y5) is pyrrolidinyl, pyrrolidinone, piperidinyl, morpholinyl, or tetrahydrofuranyl, and is optionally substituted.

For example, Q_(y5) is —OR_(akhr).

For example, R_(akhr) is H.

For example, R_(akhr) is unsubstituted or substituted, straight-chain or branched C₁-C₆ alkyl, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl.

For example, R_(akhr) is methyl, ethyl, or t-butyl.

For example, R_(akhr) is unsubstituted phenyl.

For example, R_(akhr) is phenyl substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, t-butoxy, and ethylenedioxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)).

For example, Q_(y5) is —NR_(akhr)R_(akhr)′, —NHC(O)R_(akhr), —NHC(O)OR_(akhr), —C(O)NR_(akhr)R_(akhr)′, —C(O)R_(akhr), or —C(O)OR_(akhr).

For example, Q_(y5) is —NR_(akhr)R_(akhr)′, —NHC(O)R_(akhr), or —C(O)NR_(akhr)R_(akhr)′.

For example, both R_(akhr) and R_(akhr)′ are H.

For example, at least one of R_(akhr) and R_(akhr)′ is unsubstituted or substituted, straight-chain or branched C₁-C₆ alkyl, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl.

For example, at least one of R_(akhr) and R_(akhr)′ is methyl or ethyl.

For example, R_(akhr) and R_(akhr)′ are both methyl or ethyl.

For example, R₃₂ and R₃₂′, together with the atom they attach to, form a 5- or 6-member ring selected from pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, triazolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl and is optionally substituted with -T_(y6)-Q_(y6).

For example, R₃₂ and R₃₂′, together with the atom they attach to, form a 5- or 6-member ring selected from pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, and piperazinyl, and is optionally substituted with -T_(y6)-Q_(y6).

For example, T_(y6) is a bond.

For example, T_(y6) is unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl linker, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl linker.

For example, T_(y6) is a methyl or ethyl linker.

For example, Q_(y6) is H.

For example, Q_(y6) is unsubstituted phenyl.

For example, Q_(y6) is phenyl substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, t-butoxy, and ethylenedioxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)).

For example, Q_(y6) is phenyl substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from methyl, ethyl, and t-butyl.

For example, Q_(y6) is heteroaryl selected from pyrrolyl, furanyl, thienyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, triazinyl, benzoxazolyl, benzodioxazolyl, benzoxadiazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, benzoimidazolyl, benzothienyl, methylenedioxyphenyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, naphthrydinyl, indolyl, benzofuranyl, purinyl, deazapurinyl, indolizinyl, imidazothiazolyl, quinoxalinyl, benzodihydroimidazolone, and pyrrolopyrimidinyl, and the like, and is optionally substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, unsubstituted or substituted amino, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)).

For example, Q_(y6) is pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, or benzodihydroimidazolone, each of which is optionally substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from methyl or ethyl.

For example, Q_(y6) is cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, or cycloheptyl, and is optionally substituted with unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of or which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)).

For example, Q_(y6) is heterocycle selected from pyrrolidinyl, pyrrolidinone, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, triazolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, and pyrrolidinone, and the like, and is optionally substituted.

For example, Q_(y6) is —NR_(akhr)R_(akhr)′.

For example, both R_(akhr) and R_(akhr)′ are H.

For example, at least one of R_(akhr) and R_(akhr)′ is unsubstituted or substituted, straight-chain or branched C₁-C₆ alkyl, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl.

For example, at least one of R_(akhr) and R_(akhr)′ is methyl or ethyl.

For example, R_(akhr) and R_(akhr)′ are both methyl or ethyl.

For example, Q_(y6) is —C(O)NR₃₄R₃₄′.

For example, R₃₄ and R₃₄′ are both H.

For example, at least one of R₃₄ and R₃₄′ is unsubstituted or substituted, straight-chain or branched C₁-C₆ alkyl, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl.

For example, R₃₄ and R₃₄′, together with the atom they attach to, form a 5- or 6-member ring selected from pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, triazolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl and is optionally substituted.

For example, R₃₄ and R₃₄′, together with the atom they attach to, form a pyrrolidinyl ring, and is optionally substituted.

For example, Q_(y3) is unsubstituted naphthyl.

For example, Q_(y3) is heteroaryl selected from pyrrolyl, furanyl, thienyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, triazinyl, benzoxazolyl, benzodioxazolyl, benzoxadiazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, benzoimidazolyl, benzothienyl, methylenedioxyphenyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, naphthrydinyl, indolyl, benzofuranyl, purinyl, deazapurinyl, indolizinyl, imidazothiazolyl, quinoxalinyl, dihydrobenzofuranyl, and pyrrolopyrimidinyl, and the like, and is optionally substituted with one, two or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, unsubstituted or substituted amino, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), and unsubstituted or substituted phenyl.

For example, Q_(y3) is oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, triazinyl, thienyl, benzothiadiazolyl, or dihydrobenzofuranyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one, two or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine), methyl, ethyl, t-butyl, trifluoromethyl, and phenyl.

For example, Q_(y3) is cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, or cycloheptyl, and is optionally substituted with unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of or which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)).

For example, Q_(y3) is cyclohexyl.

For example, Q_(y3) is heterocycle selected from pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, triazolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, and pyrrolidinone, and the like, and is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)).

For example, Q_(y3) is —C(O)OR₃₁, —C(O)R₃₁, —C(O)NR₃₁R₃₁′, or —NR₃₁R₃₁′.

For example, Q_(y3) is —C(O)OR₃₁ or —NR₃₁R₃₁′.

For example, R₃₁ and R₃₁′ are both H.

For example, at least one of R₃₁ and R₃₁′ is unsubstituted or substituted, straight-chain or branched C₁-C₆ alkyl, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine), hydroxyl, or unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy).

For example, at least one of R₃₁ and R₃₁′ is methyl or ethyl optionally substituted with hydroxyl.

For example, R₂ and R₂′, together with the atom they attach to, form a 5-, 6- or 7-member ring selected from pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, triazolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, azepanyl, and diazepanyl, and the like and is optionally substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from -T_(y7)-Q_(y7), wherein:

-   -   T_(y7) is a bond, or unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl         linker;     -   Q_(y7) is H, unsubstituted or substituted phenyl, unsubstituted         or substituted heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-member         ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, unsubstituted         or substitute C₃-C₈ carbocycle, unsubstituted or substituted         heterocycle comprising one or two 5- or 6-member ring and 1-4         heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, —C(O)NR₃₃R₃₃′,         —C(O)ONR₃₃R₃₃′, or —NR₃₃R₃₃′; and     -   R₃₃ and R₃₃′ are each independently H, unsubstituted or         substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted phenyl,         unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl comprising one or two 5-         or 6-member ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S,         unsubstituted or substitute C₃-C₈ carbocycle, unsubstituted or         substituted heterocycle comprising one or two 5- or 6-member         ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, or R₃₃ and         R₃₃′, together with the atom they attach to, form a 5- or         6-member ring which optionally comprises 1-4 heteroatoms         selected from N, O and S and is optionally substituted.

For example, R₂ and R₂′, together with the atom they attach to, form a 5-, 6- or 7-member ring selected from piperidinyl, piperazinyl, pyrrolidinyl, and diazepanyl, and is optionally substituted with -T_(y7)-Q_(y7).

For example, T_(y7) is a bond.

For example, T_(y7) is unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl linker, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl linker.

For example, T_(y7) is a methyl, ethyl, or propyl linker.

For example, Q_(y7) is H.

For example, Q_(y7) is unsubstituted phenyl.

For example, Q_(y7) is phenyl substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, t-butoxy, and ethylenedioxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)).

For example, Q_(y7) is phenyl substituted with one or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine), methyl, ethyl, -t-butyl, methoxy, ethoxy and t-butoxy.

For example, Q_(y7) is —C(O)NR₃₃R₃₃′ or —NR₃₃R₃₃′.

For example, R₃₃ and R₃₃′ are both H.

For example, at least one of R₃₃ and R₃₃′ is unsubstituted or substituted, straight-chain or branched C₁-C₆ alkyl, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl.

For example, at least one of R₃₃ and R₃₃′ is unsubstituted or substituted phenyl.

For example, at least one of R₃₃ and R₃₃′ is heteroaryl selected from pyrrolyl, furanyl, thienyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, triazinyl, benzoxazolyl, benzodioxazolyl, benzoxadiazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, benzoimidazolyl, benzothienyl, methylenedioxyphenyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, naphthrydinyl, indolyl, benzofuranyl, purinyl, deazapurinyl, indolizinyl, imidazothiazolyl, quinoxalinyl, and pyrrolopyrimidinyl, and the like, and is optionally substituted.

For example, at least one of R₃₃ and R₃₃′ is cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, or cycloheptyl, and is optionally substituted.

For example, at least one of R₃₃ and R₃₃′ is heterocycle selected from pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, triazolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, and pyrrolidinone, and the like, and is optionally substituted.

For example, R₃₃ and R₃₃′, together with the atom they attach to, form a 5- or 6-member ring selected from pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, triazolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, and pyrrolidinone, and the like, and is optionally substituted.

For example, R₃₃ and R₃₃′, together with the atom they attach to, form a 5- or 6-member ring selected from morpholinyl.

For example, R_(y)′ is H.

For example, R_(y)′ is unsubstituted phenyl.

For example, R_(y)′ is phenyl substituted with one, two, three or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, t-butoxy, and ethylenedioxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), —NHC(O)R_(akhr), —NHC(O)OR_(akhr), —C(O)R_(akhr), and —C(O)OR_(akhr), wherein R_(akhr) is H, or unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl).

For example, R_(y)′ is phenyl substituted with one, two, three or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine), methyl, ethyl, t-butyl, trifluoromethyl, methoxy, ethoxy, trifluoromethoxy, cyano, and —NHC(O)R_(akhr), wherein R_(akhr) is H, methyl, ethyl, or t-butyl.

For example, R_(y)′ is unsubstituted naphthyl.

For example, R_(y)′ is naphthyl substituted with one, two, three or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), —NHC(O)R_(akhr), —NHC(O)OR_(akhr), —C(O)R_(akhr), and —C(O)OR_(akhr), wherein R_(akhr) is H, or unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl).

For example, R_(y)′ is naphthyl substituted with one, two, three or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine).

For example, R_(y)′ is heteroaryl selected from pyrrolyl, furanyl, thienyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, triazinyl, benzoxazolyl, benzodioxazolyl, benzoxadiazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, benzoimidazolyl, benzothienyl, methylenedioxyphenyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, naphthrydinyl, indolyl, benzofuranyl, purinyl, deazapurinyl, indolizinyl, imidazothiazolyl, quinoxalinyl, and pyrrolopyrimidinyl, and the like, and is optionally substituted with one, two, three or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, unsubstituted or substituted amino, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), —NHC(O)R_(akhr), —NHC(O)OR_(akhr), —C(O)R_(akhr), and —C(O)OR_(akhr), wherein R_(akhr) is H, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl), unsubstituted or substituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl, or unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-member ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S.

For example, R_(y)′ is imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, pyrimidinyl, triazinyl, quinolinyl, purinyl, thienyl, quinolinyl, benzoxadiazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, benzothienyl, or pyrrolopyrimidiyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one, two, three or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from selected from halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine), amino, methyl, ethyl, t-butyl, trifluoromethyl, and —C(O)R_(akhr), wherein R_(akhr) is H, methyl, ethyl, t-butyl, or phenyl.

For example, R_(y)′ is cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, or cycloheptyl, and is optionally substituted with unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of or which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)).

For example, R_(y)′ is heterocycle selected from pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, triazolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, and pyrrolidinone, and the like, and is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)).

For example, R₃″ is H.

For example, R₃″ is unsubstituted or substituted, straight-chain or branched C₁-C₆ alkyl, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl.

For example, both R₃ and R₃′ are H.

For example, at least one of R₃ and R₃′ is -T_(y1)′-Q_(y1).

For example, T_(y1)′ is a bond.

For example, T_(y1)′ is unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl linker, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl linker.

For example, T_(y1)′ is a methyl, ethyl, propyl, or t-butyl linker.

For example, Q_(y1)′ is H.

For example, Q_(y1)′ is unsubstituted phenyl.

For example, Q_(y1)′ is phenyl substituted with one, two or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, t-butoxy, methylenedioxy, and ethylenedioxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), unsubstituted or substituted phenyl, unsubstituted or substituted C₆-C₁₀ aryloxy (e.g., phenoxy), —NR_(akhr)R_(akhr)′, —C(O)R_(akhr)R_(akhr)′, —S(O)₂R_(akhr), and —NHC(O)R_(akhr)R_(akhr)′, wherein R_(akhr) and R_(akhr)′ are each independently H, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl)

For example, Q_(y1)′ is phenyl substituted with one, two or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine.

For example, Q_(y1)′ is phenyl substituted with one, two or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from methyl, ethyl, t-butyl, and trifluoromethyl.

For example, Q_(y1)′ is phenyl substituted with one, two or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from methoxy, ethoxy, trifluoromethoxy, and ethylenedioxy.

For example, Q_(y1)′ is phenyl substituted with one, two or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from —NR_(akhr)R_(akhr)′, —C(O)R_(akhr)R_(akhr)′, —S(O)₂R_(akhr), and —NHC(O)R_(akhr)R_(akhr)′, wherein at least one of R_(akhr) and R_(akhr)′ is methyl or ethyl.

For example, Q_(y1)′ is phenyl substituted with one, two or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, methyl, ethyl, t-butyl, trifluoromethyl, methoxy, ethoxy, trifluoromethoxy, phenyl, phenoxy, —NR_(akhr)R_(akhr)′, —C(O)R_(akhr)R_(akhr)′, —S(O)₂R_(akhr), and —NHC(O)R_(akhr)R_(akhr)′, wherein at least one of R_(akhr) and R_(akhr)′ is methyl or ethyl.

For example, Q_(y1)′ is unsubstituted naphthyl.

For example, Q_(y1)′ is naphthyl substituted with one, two or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)).

For example, Q_(y1)′ is naphthyl substituted with one, two or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from methyl, ethyl, and halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine).

For example, Q_(y1)′ is fluorenyl, and is optionally substituted.

For example, Q_(y1)′ is dihydroindenyl, and is optionally substituted.

For example, Q_(y1)′ is heteroaryl selected from pyrrolyl, furanyl, thienyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, triazinyl, benzoxazolyl, benzoisoxazolyl, benzodioxazolyl, benzoxadiazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, benzoimidazolyl, benzothienyl, methylenedioxyphenyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, naphthrydinyl, indolyl, benzofuranyl, purinyl, purinone, deazapurinyl, indolizinyl, imidazothiazolyl, dihydrobenzofuranyl, quinoxalinyl, and pyrrolopyrimidinyl, and the like, and is optionally substituted with one, two or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from hydroxyl, halogen, unsubstituted or substituted amino, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, i-propyloxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)), unsubstituted or substituted C₆-C₁₀ aryloxy (e.g., phenoxy), and unsubstituted or substituted phenyl.

For example, Q_(y1)′ is oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, triazinyl, thienyl, purinyl, purinone, quinolinyl, benzothienyl, benzoxazolyl, benzoisoxazolyl, benzoxadiazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, pyrrolopyrimidinyl, or dihydrobenzofuranyl, each of which is substituted with one, two or more groups, each of which can be the same or different, selected from halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine), methyl, ethyl, amino, phenyl, and phenoxy.

For example, Q_(y1)′ is —C(O)OR₂₁, —C(O)R₂₁, —C(O)NR₂₁R₂₁′, or —NR₂₁R₂₁′.

For example, Q_(y1)′ is —C(O)OR₂₁.

For example, R₂₁ is H.

For example, R₂₁ is unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, and n-hexyl.

For example, R₂₁ is methyl or ethyl.

The present invention also provides Formula IVa1, IVb1, IVc1, IVd1, IVe1, and IVf1.

Representative compounds of the present invention include compounds listed in Tables 1 and 2.

TABLE 1 Cmpd Name & Structure # 7-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydro-3H- benzo[f]pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinoline

1 7-phenyl-6,7-dihydro-3H- benzo[f]pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinoline

2 7-(3,4-difluorophenyl)-6,7-dihydro-3H- benzo[f]pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinoline

3

TABLE 2 Compound LC/MS No. Structure IUPAC Name [M + H] 4

3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-6,7,8,9- tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4- c]isoquinolin-7-amine 309 5

N-[3-(4-methoxybenzyl)- 6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H- pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinolin-7- yl]benzamide 413 6

3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-7- (phenylsulfonyl)-6,7,8,9- tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4- c][2,7]naphthyridine 435 7

3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-N- phenyl-3,6,8,9-tetrahydro- 7H-pyrazolo[3,4- c][2,7]naphthyridine-7- carboxamide 414 8

(1S)-2-[3-(4- methoxybenzyl)-3,6,8,9- tetrahydro-7H-pyrazolo[3,4- c][2,7]naphthyridin-7-yl]-2- oxo-1-phenylethanamine 428 9

tert-butyl {(1S)-2-[3-(4- methoxybenzyl)-3,6,8,9- tetrahydro-7H-pyrazolo[3,4- c][2,7]naphthyridin-7-yl]-2- oxo-1- phenylethyl}carbamate 528 10

3-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H- pyrazolo[3,4- c][2,7]naphthyridin-1- yl)benzamide 294 11

3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-3,6- dihydrochromeno[4,3- d]pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine 344 12

3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-7- methyl-6,7-dihydro-3H- benzo[f]pyrazolo[3,4- c]isoquinoline 356 13

3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-3,6- dihydroindeno[1,2- d]pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine 328 14

3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-6- methyl-3,6- dihydroindeno[1,2- d]pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine 342 15

3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-6,7- dihydro-3H- [1]benzoxepino[5,4- d]pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine 358 16

3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-8- phenyl-3,6,7,8- tetrahydrodipyrazolo[3,4- c:4′,3′-f]isoquinoline 408 17

3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-3,7- dihydroisothiochromeno[4,3- d]pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine 360 18

3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-N- methyl-6,7-dihydro-3H- pyrazolo[4′,3′:5,6]pyrido[4,3- f]quinazolin-9-amine 373 19

3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-6,7- dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4- c]thieno[3,2-f]isoquinoline 348 20

9,10-dimethoxy-3-(4- methoxybenzyl)-6,7-dihydro- 3H-benzo[f]pyrazolo[3,4- c]isoquinoline 402 21

9-nitro-6,7-dihydro-3H- benzo[f]pyrazolo[3,4- c]isoquinoline 267 22

3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-6,7- dihydro-3H- benzo[f]pyrazolo[3,4- c]isoquinolin-8-ol 358 23

3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-6,7- dihydro-3H-furo[3,2- f]pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinoline 332 24

3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-9-nitro- 6,7-dihydro-3H- benzo[f]pyrazolo[3,4- c]isoquinohne 387 25

3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-3,6,7,8- tetrahydro-9H-pyrazolo[4,3- a][3,7]phenanthrolin-9-one 359

As used herein, “alkyl”, “C₁, C₂, C₃, C₄, C₅ or C₆ alkyl” or “C₁-C₆ alkyl” is intended to include C₁, C₂, C₃, C₄, C₅ or C₆ straight chain (linear) saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon groups and C₃, C₄, C₅ or C₆ branched saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon groups. For example, C₁-C₆ alkyl is intended to include C₁, C₂, C₃, C₄, C₅ and C₆ alkyl groups. For example, C₁-C₃ alkyl is intended to include C₁, C₂ and C₃ alkyl groups. Examples of alkyl include, moieties having from one to six carbon atoms, such as, but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl or n-hexyl.

In certain embodiments, a straight chain or branched alkyl has six or fewer carbon atoms (e.g., C₁-C₆ for straight chain, C₃-C₆ for branched chain), and in another embodiment, a straight chain or branched alkyl has four or fewer carbon atoms.

“Heteroalkyl” groups are alkyl groups, as defined above, that have an oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur or phosphorous atom replacing one or more hydrocarbon backbone carbon atoms.

As used herein, the term “cycloalkyl”, “C₃, C₄, C₅, C₆, C₇ or C₈ cycloalkyl” or “C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl” is intended to include hydrocarbon rings having from three to eight carbon atoms in their ring structure. In one embodiment, a cycloalkyl group has five or six carbons in the ring structure.

The term “substituted alkyl” refers to alkyl moieties having substituents replacing one or more hydrogen atoms on one or more carbons of the hydrocarbon backbone. Such substituents can include, for example, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, halogen, hydroxyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, arylcarbonyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, aryloxycarbonyloxy, carboxylate, alkylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl, dialkylaminocarbonyl, alkylthiocarbonyl, alkoxyl, phosphate, phosphonato, phosphinato, amino (including alkylamino, dialkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino and alkylarylamino), acylamino (including alkylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, carbamoyl and ureido), amidino, imino, sulfhydryl, alkylthio, arylthio, thiocarboxylate, sulfates, alkylsulfinyl, sulfonato, sulfamoyl, sulfonamido, nitro, trifluoromethyl, cyano, azido, heterocyclyl, alkylaryl, or an aromatic or heteroaromatic moiety. Cycloalkyls can be further substituted, e.g., with the substituents described above. An “alkylaryl” or an “aralkyl” moiety is an alkyl substituted with an aryl (e.g., phenylmethyl (benzyl)).

Unless the number of carbons is otherwise specified, “lower alkyl” includes an alkyl group, as defined above, having from one to six, or in another embodiment from one to four, carbon atoms in its backbone structure. “Lower alkenyl” and “lower alkynyl” have chain lengths of, for example, two to six or of two to four carbon atoms.

“Alkenyl” includes unsaturated aliphatic groups analogous in length and possible substitution to the alkyls described above, but that contain at least one double bond. For example, the term “alkenyl” includes straight chain alkenyl groups (e.g., ethenyl, propenyl, butenyl, pentenyl, hexenyl, heptenyl, octenyl, nonenyl, decenyl), branched alkenyl groups, cycloalkenyl (e.g., alicyclic) groups (e.g., cyclopropenyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl, cycloheptenyl, cyclooctenyl), alkyl or alkenyl substituted cycloalkenyl groups, and cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl substituted alkenyl groups. In certain embodiments, a straight chain or branched alkenyl group has six or fewer carbon atoms in its backbone (e.g., C₂-C₆ for straight chain, C₃-C₆ for branched chain). Likewise, cycloalkenyl groups may have from five to eight carbon atoms in their ring structure, and in one embodiment, cycloalkenyl groups have five or six carbons in the ring structure. The term “C₂-C₆” includes alkenyl groups containing two to six carbon atoms. The term “C₃-C₆” includes alkenyl groups containing three to six carbon atoms.

“Heteroalkenyl” includes alkenyl groups, as defined herein, having an oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur or phosphorous atom replacing one or more hydrocarbon backbone carbons.

The term “substituted alkenyl” refers to alkenyl moieties having substituents replacing one or more hydrogen atoms on one or more hydrocarbon backbone carbon atoms. Such substituents can include, for example, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, halogen, hydroxyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, arylcarbonyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, aryloxycarbonyloxy, carboxylate, alkylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl, dialkylaminocarbonyl, alkylthiocarbonyl, alkoxyl, phosphate, phosphonato, phosphinato, amino (including alkylamino, dialkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino and alkylarylamino), acylamino (including alkylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, carbamoyl and ureido), amidino, imino, sulfhydryl, alkylthio, arylthio, thiocarboxylate, sulfates, alkylsulfinyl, sulfonato, sulfamoyl, sulfonamido, nitro, trifluoromethyl, cyano, heterocyclyl, alkylaryl, or an aromatic or heteroaromatic moiety.

“Alkynyl” includes unsaturated aliphatic groups analogous in length and possible substitution to the alkyls described above, but which contain at least one triple bond. For example, “alkynyl” includes straight chain alkynyl groups (e.g., ethynyl, propynyl, butynyl, pentynyl, hexynyl, heptynyl, octynyl, nonynyl, decynyl), branched alkynyl groups, and cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl substituted alkynyl groups. In certain embodiments, a straight chain or branched alkynyl group has six or fewer carbon atoms in its backbone (e.g., C₂-C₆ for straight chain, C₃-C₆ for branched chain). The term “C₂-C₆” includes alkynyl groups containing two to six carbon atoms. The term “C₃-C₆” includes alkynyl groups containing three to six carbon atoms.

“Heteroalkynyl” includes alkynyl groups, as defined herein, having an oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur or phosphorous atom replacing one or more hydrocarbon backbone carbons.

The term “substituted alkynyl” refers to alkynyl moieties having substituents replacing one or more hydrogen atoms on one or more hydrocarbon backbone carbon atoms. Such substituents can include, for example, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, halogen, hydroxyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, arylcarbonyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, aryloxycarbonyloxy, carboxylate, alkylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl, dialkylaminocarbonyl, alkylthiocarbonyl, alkoxyl, phosphate, phosphonato, phosphinato, amino (including alkylamino, dialkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino and alkylarylamino), acylamino (including alkylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, carbamoyl and ureido), amidino, imino, sulfhydryl, alkylthio, arylthio, thiocarboxylate, sulfates, alkylsulfinyl, sulfonato, sulfamoyl, sulfonamido, nitro, trifluoromethyl, cyano, azido, heterocyclyl, alkylaryl, or an aromatic or heteroaromatic moiety.

“Aryl” includes groups with aromaticity, including “conjugated”, or multicyclic, systems with at least one aromatic ring. Examples include phenyl, benzyl, etc.

“Heteroaryl” groups are aryl groups, as defined above, having from one to four heteroatoms in the ring structure, and may also be referred to as “aryl heterocycles” or “heteroaromatics”. As used herein, the term “heteroaryl” is intended to include a stable 5-, 6-, or 7-membered monocyclic or 7-, 8-, 9-, 10-, 11- or 12-membered bicyclic aromatic heterocyclic ring which consists of carbon atoms and one or more heteroatoms, e.g., 1 or 1-2 or 1-3 or 1-4 or 1-5 or 1-6 heteroatoms, independently selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur. The nitrogen atom may be substituted or unsubstituted (i.e., N or NR wherein R is H or other substituents, as defined). The nitrogen and sulfur heteroatoms may optionally be oxidized (i.e., N→O and S(O)_(p), where p=1 or 2). It is to be noted that total number of S and O atoms in the aromatic heterocycle is not more than 1.

Examples of heteroaryl groups include pyrrole, furan, thiophene, thiazole, isothiazole, imidazole, triazole, tetrazole, pyrazole, oxazole, isoxazole, pyridine, pyrazine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, and the like.

Furthermore, the terms “aryl” and “heteroaryl” include multicyclic aryl and heteroaryl groups, e.g., tricyclic, bicyclic, e.g., naphthalene, benzoxazole, benzodioxazole, benzothiazole, benzoimidazole, benzothiophene, methylenedioxyphenyl, quinoline, isoquinoline, naphthridine, indole, benzofuran, purine, benzofuran, deazapurine, indolizine.

In the case of multicyclic aromatic rings, only one of the rings needs to be aromatic (e.g., 2,3-dihydroindole), although all of the rings may be aromatic (e.g., quinoline). The second ring can also be fused or bridged.

The aryl or heteroaryl aromatic ring can be substituted at one or more ring positions with such substituents as described above, for example, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, halogen, hydroxyl, alkoxy, alkylcarbonyloxy, arylcarbonyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, aryloxycarbonyloxy, carboxylate, alkylcarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl, aralkylaminocarbonyl, alkenylaminocarbonyl, alkylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, aralkylcarbonyl, alkenylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, alkylthiocarbonyl, phosphate, phosphonato, phosphinato, amino (including alkylamino, dialkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino and alkylarylamino), acylamino (including alkylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, carbamoyl and ureido), amidino, imino, sulfhydryl, alkylthio, arylthio, thiocarboxylate, sulfates, alkylsulfinyl, sulfonato, sulfamoyl, sulfonamido, nitro, trifluoromethyl, cyano, azido, heterocyclyl, alkylaryl, or an aromatic or heteroaromatic moiety. Aryl groups can also be fused or bridged with alicyclic or heterocyclic rings, which are not aromatic so as to form a multicyclic system (e.g., tetralin, methylenedioxyphenyl).

As used herein, “carbocycle” or “carbocyclic ring” is intended to include any stable monocyclic, bicyclic or tricyclic ring having the specified number of carbons, any of which may be saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic. For example, a C₃-C₁₄ carbocycle is intended to include a monocyclic, bicyclic or tricyclic ring having 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14 carbon atoms. Examples of carbocycles include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclobutenyl, cyclopentyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptenyl, cycloheptyl, cycloheptenyl, adamantyl, cyclooctyl, cyclooctenyl, cyclooctadienyl, fluorenyl, phenyl, naphthyl, indanyl, adamantyl and tetrahydronaphthyl. Bridged rings are also included in the definition of carbocycle, including, for example, [3.3.0]bicyclooctane, [4.3.0]cyclononane, [4.4.0]bicyclodecane and [2.2.2]bicyclooctane. A bridged ring occurs when one or more carbon atoms link two non-adjacent carbon atoms. In one embodiment, bridge rings are one or two carbon atoms. It is noted that a bridge always converts a monocyclic ring into a tricyclic ring. When a ring is bridged, the substituents recited for the ring may also be present on the bridge. Fused (e.g., naphthyl, tetrahydronaphthyl) and spiro rings are also included.

As used herein, “heterocycle” includes any ring structure (saturated or partially unsaturated) which contains at least one ring heteroatom (e.g., N, O or S). Examples of heterocycles include, but are not limited to, morpholine, pyrrolidine, tetrahydrothiophene, piperidine, piperazine and tetrahydrofuran.

Examples of heterocyclic groups include, but are not limited to, acridinyl, azocinyl, benzimidazolyl, benzofuranyl, benzothiofuranyl, benzothiophenyl, benzoxazolyl, benzoxazolinyl, benzthiazolyl, benztriazolyl, benztetrazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzisothiazolyl, benzimidazolinyl, carbazolyl, 4aH-carbazolyl, carbolinyl, chromanyl, chromenyl, cinnolinyl, decahydroquinolinyl, 2H,6H-1,5,2-dithiazinyl, dihydrofuro[2,3-b]tetrahydrofuran, furanyl, furazanyl, imidazolidinyl, imidazolinyl, imidazolyl, 1H-indazolyl, indolenyl, indolinyl, indolizinyl, indolyl, 3H-indolyl, isatinoyl, isobenzofuranyl, isochromanyl, isoindazolyl, isoindolinyl, isoindolyl, isoquinolinyl, isothiazolyl, isoxazolyl, methylenedioxyphenyl, morpholinyl, naphthyridinyl, octahydroisoquinolinyl, oxadiazolyl, 1,2,3-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,4-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,5-oxadiazolyl, 1,3,4-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,4-oxadiazol5(4H)-one, oxazolidinyl, oxazolyl, oxindolyl, pyrimidinyl, phenanthridinyl, phenanthrolinyl, phenazinyl, phenothiazinyl, phenoxathinyl, phenoxazinyl, phthalazinyl, piperazinyl, piperidinyl, piperidonyl, 4-piperidonyl, piperonyl, pteridinyl, purinyl, pyranyl, pyrazinyl, pyrazolidinyl, pyrazolinyl, pyrazolyl, pyridazinyl, pyridooxazole, pyridoimidazole, pyridothiazole, pyridinyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyrrolinyl, 2H-pyrrolyl, pyrrolyl, quinazolinyl, quinolinyl, 4H-quinolizinyl, quinoxalinyl, quinuclidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, tetrazolyl, 6H-1,2,5-thiadiazinyl, 1,2,3-thiadiazolyl, 1,2,4-thiadiazolyl, 1,2,5-thiadiazolyl, 1,3,4-thiadiazolyl, thianthrenyl, thiazolyl, thienyl, thienothiazolyl, thienooxazolyl, thienoimidazolyl, thiophenyl, triazinyl, 1,2,3-triazolyl, 1,2,4-triazolyl, 1,2,5-triazolyl, 1,3,4-triazolyl and xanthenyl.

The term “substituted”, as used herein, means that any one or more hydrogen atoms on the designated atom is replaced with a selection from the indicated groups, provided that the designated atom's normal valency is not exceeded, and that the substitution results in a stable compound. When a substituent is keto (i.e., ═O), then 2 hydrogen atoms on the atom are replaced. Keto substituents are not present on aromatic moieties. Ring double bonds, as used herein, are double bonds that are formed between two adjacent ring atoms (e.g., C═C, C═N or N═N). “Stable compound” and “stable structure” are meant to indicate a compound that is sufficiently robust to survive isolation to a useful degree of purity from a reaction mixture, and formulation into an efficacious therapeutic agent.

When a bond to a substituent is shown to cross a bond connecting two atoms in a ring, then such substituent may be bonded to any atom in the ring. When a substituent is listed without indicating the atom via which such substituent is bonded to the rest of the compound of a given formula, then such substituent may be bonded via any atom in such formula. Combinations of substituents and/or variables are permissible, but only if such combinations result in stable compounds.

When any variable (e.g., R₁) occurs more than one time in any constituent or formula for a compound, its definition at each occurrence is independent of its definition at every other occurrence. Thus, for example, if a group is shown to be substituted with 0-2 R₁ moieties, then the group may optionally be substituted with up to two R₁ moieties and R₁ at each occurrence is selected independently from the definition of R₁. Also, combinations of substituents and/or variables are permissible, but only if such combinations result in stable compounds.

The term “hydroxy” or “hydroxyl” includes groups with an —OH or —O⁻.

As used herein, “halo” or “halogen” refers to fluoro, chloro, bromo and iodo. The term “perhalogenated” generally refers to a moiety wherein all hydrogen atoms are replaced by halogen atoms.

The term “carbonyl” or “carboxy” includes compounds and moieties which contain a carbon connected with a double bond to an oxygen atom. Examples of moieties containing a carbonyl include, but are not limited to, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, amides, esters, anhydrides, etc.

“Acyl” includes moieties that contain the acyl radical (—C(O)—) or a carbonyl group. “Substituted acyl” includes acyl groups where one or more of the hydrogen atoms are replaced by, for example, alkyl groups, alkynyl groups, halogen, hydroxyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, arylcarbonyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, aryloxycarbonyloxy, carboxylate, alkylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl, dialkylaminocarbonyl, alkylthiocarbonyl, alkoxyl, phosphate, phosphonato, phosphinato, amino (including alkylamino, dialkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino and alkylarylamino), acylamino (including alkylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, carbamoyl and ureido), amidino, imino, sulfhydryl, alkylthio, arylthio, thiocarboxylate, sulfates, alkylsulfinyl, sulfonato, sulfamoyl, sulfonamido, nitro, trifluoromethyl, cyano, azido, heterocyclyl, alkylaryl, or an aromatic or heteroaromatic moiety.

“Aroyl” includes moieties with an aryl or heteroaromatic moiety bound to a carbonyl group. Examples of aroyl groups include phenylcarboxy, naphthyl carboxy, etc.

“Alkoxyalkyl”, “alkylaminoalkyl” and “thioalkoxyalkyl” include alkyl groups, as described above, wherein oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur atoms replace one or more hydrocarbon backbone carbon atoms.

The term “alkoxy” or “alkoxyl” includes substituted and unsubstituted alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl groups covalently linked to an oxygen atom. Examples of alkoxy groups or alkoxyl radicals include, but are not limited to, methoxy, ethoxy, isopropyloxy, propoxy, butoxy and pentoxy groups. Examples of substituted alkoxy groups include halogenated alkoxy groups. The alkoxy groups can be substituted with groups such as alkenyl, alkynyl, halogen, hydroxyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, arylcarbonyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, aryloxycarbonyloxy, carboxylate, alkylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl, dialkylaminocarbonyl, alkylthiocarbonyl, alkoxyl, phosphate, phosphonato, phosphinato, amino (including alkylamino, dialkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino, and alkylarylamino), acylamino (including alkylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, carbamoyl and ureido), amidino, imino, sulfhydryl, alkylthio, arylthio, thiocarboxylate, sulfates, alkylsulfinyl, sulfonato, sulfamoyl, sulfonamido, nitro, trifluoromethyl, cyano, azido, heterocyclyl, alkylaryl, or an aromatic or heteroaromatic moieties. Examples of halogen substituted alkoxy groups include, but are not limited to, fluoromethoxy, difluoromethoxy, trifluoromethoxy, chloromethoxy, dichloromethoxy and trichloromethoxy.

The term “ether” or “alkoxy” includes compounds or moieties which contain an oxygen bonded to two carbon atoms or heteroatoms. For example, the term includes “alkoxyalkyl”, which refers to an alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl group covalently bonded to an oxygen atom which is covalently bonded to an alkyl group.

The term “ester” includes compounds or moieties which contain a carbon or a heteroatom bound to an oxygen atom which is bonded to the carbon of a carbonyl group. The term “ester” includes alkoxycarboxy groups such as methoxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonyl, propoxycarbonyl, butoxycarbonyl, pentoxycarbonyl, etc.

The term “thioalkyl” includes compounds or moieties which contain an alkyl group connected with a sulfur atom. The thioalkyl groups can be substituted with groups such as alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, halogen, hydroxyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, arylcarbonyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, aryloxycarbonyloxy, carboxylate, carboxyacid, alkylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl, dialkylaminocarbonyl, alkylthiocarbonyl, alkoxyl, amino (including alkylamino, dialkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino and alkylarylamino), acylamino (including alkylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, carbamoyl and ureido), amidino, imino, sulfhydryl, alkylthio, arylthio, thiocarboxylate, sulfates, alkylsulfinyl, sulfonato, sulfamoyl, sulfonamido, nitro, trifluoromethyl, cyano, azido, heterocyclyl, alkylaryl, or an aromatic or heteroaromatic moieties.

The term “thiocarbonyl” or “thiocarboxy” includes compounds and moieties which contain a carbon connected with a double bond to a sulfur atom.

The term “thioether” includes moieties which contain a sulfur atom bonded to two carbon atoms or heteroatoms. Examples of thioethers include, but are not limited to alkthioalkyls, alkthioalkenyls and alkthioalkynyls. The term “alkthioalkyls” include moieties with an alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl group bonded to a sulfur atom which is bonded to an alkyl group. Similarly, the term “alkthioalkenyls” refers to moieties wherein an alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl group is bonded to a sulfur atom which is covalently bonded to an alkenyl group; and alkthioalkynyls” refers to moieties wherein an alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl group is bonded to a sulfur atom which is covalently bonded to an alkynyl group.

As used herein, “amine” or “amino” includes moieties where a nitrogen atom is covalently bonded to at least one carbon or heteroatom. “Alkylamino” includes groups of compounds wherein nitrogen is bound to at least one alkyl group. Examples of alkylamino groups include benzylamino, methylamino, ethylamino, phenethylamino, etc. “Dialkylamino” includes groups wherein the nitrogen atom is bound to at least two additional alkyl groups. Examples of dialkylamino groups include, but are not limited to, dimethylamino and diethylamino “Arylamino” and “diarylamino” include groups wherein the nitrogen is bound to at least one or two aryl groups, respectively. “alkylarylamino”, “alkylaminoaryl” or “arylaminoalkyl” refers to an amino group which is bound to at least one alkyl group and at least one aryl group. “Alkaminoalkyl” refers to an alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl group bound to a nitrogen atom which is also bound to an alkyl group. “Acylamino” includes groups wherein nitrogen is bound to an acyl group. Examples of acylamino include, but are not limited to, alkylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, carbamoyl and ureido groups.

The term “amide” or “aminocarboxy” includes compounds or moieties that contain a nitrogen atom that is bound to the carbon of a carbonyl or a thiocarbonyl group. The term includes “alkaminocarboxy” groups that include alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl groups bound to an amino group which is bound to the carbon of a carbonyl or thiocarbonyl group. It also includes “arylaminocarboxy” groups that include aryl or heteroaryl moieties bound to an amino group that is bound to the carbon of a carbonyl or thiocarbonyl group. The terms “alkylaminocarboxy”, “alkenylaminocarboxy”, “alkynylaminocarboxy” and “arylaminocarboxy” include moieties wherein alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl and aryl moieties, respectively, are bound to a nitrogen atom which is in turn bound to the carbon of a carbonyl group. Amides can be substituted with substituents such as straight chain alkyl, branched alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl or heterocycle. Substituents on amide groups may be further substituted.

Compounds of the present invention that contain nitrogens can be converted to N-oxides by treatment with an oxidizing agent (e.g., 3-chloroperoxybenzoic acid (m-CPBA) and/or hydrogen peroxides) to afford other compounds of the present invention. Thus, all shown and claimed nitrogen-containing compounds are considered, when allowed by valency and structure, to include both the compound as shown and its N-oxide derivative (which can be designated as N→O or N⁺—O⁻). Furthermore, in other instances, the nitrogens in the compounds of the present invention can be converted to N-hydroxy or N-alkoxy compounds. For example, N-hydroxy compounds can be prepared by oxidation of the parent amine by an oxidizing agent such as m-CPBA. All shown and claimed nitrogen-containing compounds are also considered, when allowed by valency and structure, to cover both the compound as shown and its N-hydroxy (i.e., N—OH) and N-alkoxy (i.e., N—OR, wherein R is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkenyl, C₁-C₆ alkynyl, 3-14-membered carbocycle or 3-14-membered heterocycle) derivatives.

In the present specification, the structural formula of the compound represents a certain isomer for convenience in some cases, but the present invention includes all isomers, such as geometrical isomers, optical isomers based on an asymmetrical carbon, stereoisomers, tautomers, and the like. In addition, a crystal polymorphism may be present for the compounds represented by the formula. It is noted that any crystal form, crystal form mixture, or anhydride or hydrate thereof is included in the scope of the present invention. Furthermore, so-called metabolite which is produced by degradation of the present compound in vivo is included in the scope of the present invention.

“Isomerism” means compounds that have identical molecular formulae but differ in the sequence of bonding of their atoms or in the arrangement of their atoms in space. Isomers that differ in the arrangement of their atoms in space are termed “stereoisomers”. Stereoisomers that are not mirror images of one another are termed “diastereoisomers”, and stereoisomers that are non-superimposable mirror images of each other are termed “enantiomers” or sometimes optical isomers. A mixture containing equal amounts of individual enantiomeric forms of opposite chirality is termed a “racemic mixture”.

A carbon atom bonded to four nonidentical substituents is termed a “chiral center”.

“Chiral isomer” means a compound with at least one chiral center. Compounds with more than one chiral center may exist either as an individual diastereomer or as a mixture of diastereomers, termed “diastereomeric mixture”. When one chiral center is present, a stereoisomer may be characterized by the absolute configuration (R or S) of that chiral center. Absolute configuration refers to the arrangement in space of the substituents attached to the chiral center. The substituents attached to the chiral center under consideration are ranked in accordance with the Sequence Rule of Cahn, Ingold and Prelog. (Cahn et al., Angew. Chem. Inter. Edit. 1966, 5, 385; errata 511; Cahn et al., Angew. Chem. 1966, 78, 413; Cahn and Ingold, J. Chem. Soc. 1951 (London), 612; Cahn et al., Experientia 1956, 12, 81; Cahn, J. Chem. Educ. 1964, 41, 116).

“Geometric isomer” means the diastereomers that owe their existence to hindered rotation about double bonds. These configurations are differentiated in their names by the prefixes cis and trans, or Z and E, which indicate that the groups are on the same or opposite side of the double bond in the molecule according to the Cahn-Ingold-Prelog rules.

Furthermore, the structures and other compounds discussed in this invention include all atropic isomers thereof “Atropic isomers” are a type of stereoisomer in which the atoms of two isomers are arranged differently in space. Atropic isomers owe their existence to a restricted rotation caused by hindrance of rotation of large groups about a central bond. Such atropic isomers typically exist as a mixture, however as a result of recent advances in chromatography techniques, it has been possible to separate mixtures of two atropic isomers in select cases.

“Tautomer” is one of two or more structural isomers that exist in equilibrium and is readily converted from one isomeric form to another. This conversion results in the formal migration of a hydrogen atom accompanied by a switch of adjacent conjugated double bonds. Tautomers exist as a mixture of a tautomeric set in solution. In solid form, usually one tautomer predominates. In solutions where tautomerization is possible, a chemical equilibrium of the tautomers will be reached. The exact ratio of the tautomers depends on several factors, including temperature, solvent and pH. The concept of tautomers that are interconvertable by tautomerizations is called tautomerism.

Of the various types of tautomerism that are possible, two are commonly observed. In keto-enol tautomerism a simultaneous shift of electrons and a hydrogen atom occurs. Ring-chain tautomerism arises as a result of the aldehyde group (—CHO) in a sugar chain molecule reacting with one of the hydroxy groups (—OH) in the same molecule to give it a cyclic (ring-shaped) form as exhibited by glucose.

Common tautomeric pairs are: ketone-enol, amide-nitrile, lactam-lactim, amide-imidic acid tautomerism in heterocyclic rings (e.g., in nucleobases such as guanine, thymine and cytosine), amine-enamine and enamine-enamine

It is to be understood that the compounds of the present invention may be depicted as different tautomers. It should also be understood that when compounds have tautomeric forms, all tautomeric forms are intended to be included in the scope of the present invention, and the naming of the compounds does not exclude any tautomer form.

The term “crystal polymorphs”, “polymorphs” or “crystal forms” means crystal structures in which a compound (or a salt or solvate thereof) can crystallize in different crystal packing arrangements, all of which have the same elemental composition. Different crystal forms usually have different X-ray diffraction patterns, infrared spectral, melting points, density hardness, crystal shape, optical and electrical properties, stability and solubility. Recrystallization solvent, rate of crystallization, storage temperature, and other factors may cause one crystal form to dominate. Crystal polymorphs of the compounds can be prepared by crystallization under different conditions.

Additionally, the compounds of the present invention, for example, the salts of the compounds, can exist in either hydrated or unhydrated (the anhydrous) form or as solvates with other solvent molecules. Nonlimiting examples of hydrates include monohydrates, dihydrates, etc. Nonlimiting examples of solvates include ethanol solvates, acetone solvates, etc.

“Solvate” means solvent addition forms that contain either stoichiometric or non stoichiometric amounts of solvent. Some compounds have a tendency to trap a fixed molar ratio of solvent molecules in the crystalline solid state, thus forming a solvate. If the solvent is water the solvate formed is a hydrate; and if the solvent is alcohol, the solvate formed is an alcoholate. Hydrates are formed by the combination of one or more molecules of water with one molecule of the substance in which the water retains its molecular state as H₂O.

As used herein, the term “analog” refers to a chemical compound that is structurally similar to another but differs slightly in composition (as in the replacement of one atom by an atom of a different element or in the presence of a particular functional group, or the replacement of one functional group by another functional group). Thus, an analog is a compound that is similar or comparable in function and appearance, but not in structure or origin to the reference compound.

As defined herein, the term “derivative” refers to compounds that have a common core structure, and are substituted with various groups as described herein. For example, all of the compounds represented by Formula I are 5,6-dihydro-6-phenylbenzo[f]isoquinolin-2-amine derivatives, and have Formula I as a common core.

The term “bioisostere” refers to a compound resulting from the exchange of an atom or of a group of atoms with another, broadly similar, atom or group of atoms. The objective of a bioisosteric replacement is to create a new compound with similar biological properties to the parent compound. The bioisosteric replacement may be physicochemically or topologically based. Examples of carboxylic acid bioisosteres include, but are not limited to, acyl sulfonimides, tetrazoles, sulfonates and phosphonates. See, e.g., Patani and LaVoie, Chem. Rev. 96, 3147-3176, 1996.

The present invention is intended to include all isotopes of atoms occurring in the present compounds. Isotopes include those atoms having the same atomic number but different mass numbers. By way of general example and without limitation, isotopes of hydrogen include tritium and deuterium, and isotopes of carbon include C-13 and C-14.

It is understood that in the chemical structures or formulae shown in the specification hydrogen atoms are assumed to be bonded to atoms (e.g., C, N, O, and S) to complete their valency.

2. Synthesis of Substituted Imidazolyl-5,6-Dihydrobenzo[n]Isoquinoline Compounds

The present invention provides methods for the synthesis of the compounds of Formula I-IV. The present invention also provides detailed methods for the synthesis of various disclosed compounds of the present invention according to the following schemes as shown in the Examples.

Throughout the description, where compositions are described as having, including, or comprising specific components, it is contemplated that compositions also consist essentially of, or consist of, the recited components. Similarly, where methods or processes are described as having, including, or comprising specific process steps, the processes also consist essentially of, or consist of, the recited processing steps. Further, it should be understood that the order of steps or order for performing certain actions is immaterial so long as the invention remains operable. Moreover, two or more steps or actions can be conducted simultaneously.

The synthetic processes of the invention can tolerate a wide variety of functional groups, therefore various substituted starting materials can be used. The processes generally provide the desired final compound at or near the end of the overall process, although it may be desirable in certain instances to further convert the compound to a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester or prodrug thereof

Compounds of the present invention can be prepared in a variety of ways using commercially available starting materials, compounds known in the literature, or from readily prepared intermediates, by employing standard synthetic methods and procedures either known to those skilled in the art, or which will be apparent to the skilled artisan in light of the teachings herein. Standard synthetic methods and procedures for the preparation of organic molecules and functional group transformations and manipulations can be obtained from the relevant scientific literature or from standard textbooks in the field. Although not limited to any one or several sources, classic texts such as Smith, M. B., March, J., March's Advanced Organic Chemistry: Reactions, Mechanisms, and Structure, 5^(th) edition, John Wiley & Sons: New York, 2001; and Greene, T. W., Wuts, P. G. M., Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 3^(rd) edition, John Wiley & Sons: New York, 1999, incorporated by reference herein, are useful and recognized reference textbooks of organic synthesis known to those in the art. The following description of synthetic methods are designed to illustrate, but not to limit, general procedures for the preparation of compounds of the present invention.

Compounds of the present invention can be conveniently prepared by a variety of methods familiar to those skilled in the art. The compounds of this invention with Formula I-IV may be prepared according to the following procedures from commercially available starting materials or starting materials which can be prepared using literature procedures. These procedures show the preparation of representative compounds of this invention.

The compounds of this invention with Formula I-IV may be also be prepared according to the following schemes from commercially available starting materials or starting materials, which can be prepared using literature procedures.

Compounds of formula (I) can be conveniently prepared by a variety of methods familiar to those skilled in the art. One common route is illustrated in Scheme 1.

Ketone compounds such as formula (II) are either available commercially, can be prepared by known methods or readily prepared by methods described in the literature and known to those skilled in art as shown in Scheme 2. The ketone (II) is treated with DMF acetal at 100° C. for a period of 12-24 hours to give the enaminone (III). Alternatively reagents such as Brederick's reagent and hexamethylmethanetraiamine can also be used to prepare the enaminone (III). The enaminone (III) is heated thermally or in a microwave with p-methoxy benzyl protected amino pyrazole (IV) in the presence of acids such as trifluoroacetic acid or acetic acid in range between 100° C. to 150° C. to give the PMB protected pyrazolopyridine compounds with formula (V). The p-methoxy benzyl protecting group can be removed by heating in trifluoroacetic acid at 100° C. for a period of 12-24 hours to give the compounds with formula (I). Alternatively conditions outlined in Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, Third Edition, Theodora W. Greene and Peter M. Wuts, Wiley Interscience, 1999 can be used to remove the p-methoxybenzyl protecting group.

Some ketones (II) used as shown in the scheme 1 to make the compounds with formula (I) can be prepared as shown in scheme 2.

Cyclohexane-1,3-dione (VI) can be treated with DMF acetal to give the enamonine (VII). The enaminone (VII) can be treated with guanidines such as methyl guanidine to give the ketone (VIII). Alternatively, the enaminone (VII) can be treated with thiomethyl amidine to give the ketone (IX). Alternatively, the enaminone (VII) can be treated with hydrazine to give the ketone (X). Alternatively, the enaminone (VII) can be treated with thioamide to give the ketone (XI). These ketones (VIII-XI) can then be converted to compounds with the formula (I) as shown in Scheme 1. Many guanidines, hydrazines, thioamides are commercially available or readily prepared by methods described in the literature (Comprehensive Organic Transformations, Richard C. Larock, Second Edition, Wiley-VCH, 1999) and known to those skilled in art.

The compounds of formula (XII-XIV) can be prepared as shown in Scheme 3.

The ketone (XV) where Pg is protecting group such as tert-butyl carbamate (t-BOC) or benzyloxycarbamate (CBZ) and m and n can be 1-2 is heated with DMF acetal in DMF at 100° C. for a period of 24-48 hours to give the enaminone (XVI). The enaminone (XVI) is heated with p-methoxy benzyl protected amino pyrazole (IV) at 100° C. for a period of 10-24 hours to give PMB protected pyrazolopyridine (XVII). The tert-butyl carbamate (t-BOC) protecting group is removed using trifluoroacetic acid at ambient temperature for a period of 2-12 hours to give the amine with the formula (XII). The tert-butyl carbamate (t-BOC) protecting group can also be removed by using the conditions outlined in Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, Third Edition, Theodora W. Greene and Peter M. Wuts, Wiley Interscience, 1999. The n-t-BOC protected pyrazolopyridine (XVII) can also be bominated using N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) in solvents such as dichloromethane at ambient temperatures for a period of 2-12 hours or other conditions outlined in Comprehensive Organic Transformations, Richard C. Larock, Second Edition, Wiley-VCH, 1999 to give the 3-bromo-pyrazolopyridine (XIII). The tert-butyl carbamate (t-BOC) protecting group in the compound (XIII) is removed using acidic conditions such as trifluoroacetic acid at ambient temperatures for a period of 2-12 hours to give the amine with the formula (XIV). The tert-butyl carbamate (t-BOC) protecting group can also be removed by using the conditions outlined in Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, Third Edition, Theodora W. Greene and Peter M. Wuts, Wiley Interscience, 1999.

The compounds of formula (XVIII) can be prepared as shown in Scheme 4.

The amino ketone (XIX) where Pg is protecting group such as tert-butyl carbamate (t-BOC) or benzyloxycarbamate (CBZ) is heated with DMF acetal to give the enaminone (XX). The enaminone (XX) is heated with p-methoxy benzyl protected amino pyrazole (IV) in acids such as acetic acid at 100° C. for a period of 24-48 hours to give PMB protected pyrazolopyridine (XVIII). Alternatively, trifluoroacetic acid can be used at 100° C. for a period of 10-24 hours to give the PMB protected pyrazolopyridine (XVIII). During the reaction the tert-butyl carbamate (t-BOC) was removed. The amine (XVIII) was treated with t-BOC anhydride at ambient temperature for a period of 2-10 hours to protect the amine with tert-butyl carbamate (t-BOC) to aid with the purification of the compound (XXI). The tert-butyl carbamate (t-BOC) protecting group from the compound (XXI) is removed using trifluoroacetic acid at ambient temperatures for a period of 2-10 hours to give the amine (XVIII). The tert-butyl carbamate (t-BOC) protecting group can also be removed by using the conditions outlined in Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, Third Edition, Theodora W. Greene and Peter M. Wuts, Wiley Interscience, 1999.

The α-chloroamides of pyrazolopyridines (XXII) can be prepared as shown in schemes 5 and 6. The PMB protected pyrazolo pyridine amine (XII) is reacted with a-chloroacyl chloride (XXIII) in the presence of tertiary amines bases such as triethylamine, diisopropylethyl amine in chlorinated solvents such as dichloromethane at ambient temperatures for 1-4 hours. The PMB protecting group of the resulting α-chloroamide (XXIV) is then removed by heating in trifluoroacetic acid at 100° C. for 16-24 hours to give the compounds with formula (XXV). The α-chloroamides pyrazolopyridine (XXV) is then bominated in the 3 position using N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) in chlorinated solvents such as dichloromethane under ambient temperatures for 1-6 hours to give the 3-bromo-α-chloroamides pyrazolopyridine (XXII).

Alternatively the 3-phenyl α-chloroamide of pyrazolopyridine (XXVI) is prepared as shown in scheme 6. The PMB protected pyrazolo pyridine (XII) is first deprotected by heating in trifluoroacetic acid at 65° C. for a period of 16-24 hours. The piperidine nitrogen of the resulting pyrazolopyridine amine is protected with tert-butyl carbamate (t-BOC) using N-t-Boc anhydride, tertiary amine sbases such as triethylamine, Hunig's Base at ambient temperature for period of 2-6 hours to give the tert-butyl carbamate of the pyrazolo pyridine amine (XXVII). The t-BOC protected pyrazole pyridine (XXVII) is brominated on the 3-position using N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) in chlorinated solvents such as dichloromethane under ambient temperatures for 1-6 hours to give the t-BOC protected 3-bromo-pyrazolopyridine amine (XXVIII). Suzuki coupling reactions are carried out at 90° C. for a period of 16-24 hours using boronic acids such as phenylboronic acid in the presence palladium coupling agents such as dichloro-((bis diphenylphosphino)ferrocenyl)palladium (II), aqueous bases such as sodium carbonate and in solvents such as toluene, and protic solvents such as ethanol to give the compounds with formula (XXIX). The t-BOC group on the compounds with formula (XXIX) is then removed under acidic condition such as HCl (g) in dioxane in solvents such as dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, 1,4-dioxane at ambient temperatures for a period of 2-24 hours to give the HCl salt of 3-phenyl pyrazolo pyridine amine (XXX). The 3-phenyl pyrazolo pyridine amine is reacted with α-chloroacyl chloride (XXIII) in the presence of tertiary amines bases such as triethylamine, diisopropylethyl amine in chlorinated solvents such as dichloromethane at ambient temperatures for 1-2 hours to give the desired α-chloroamide of 3-phenyl pyrazolopyridine (XXVI).

Scheme 7 and 8 illustrates a variety of chemical transformation of pyrazolopyridine amine (XII, XIII, XVIII) to provide compounds (XXXIa,b-XXXVIIa,b, XXXVIII-XXXXIII). The following methods are provided by way of exemplification. Alternative methods may be employed and are described in reference text's such as Comprehensive Organic Transformations, Richard C. Larock, Second Edition, Wiley-VCH, 1999; Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, Third Edition, Theodora W. Greene and Peter M. Wuts, Wiley Interscience, 1999; The Practice of Peptide Synthesis, M. Bodanszky and A. Bodanzsky, Springer-Verlag, 1984.

The pyrazolopyridine amides (XXXIa, b, XXXVIII) can be conveniently prepared by treating pyrazolopyridine amine (XII, XIII, XVIII) with the corresponding carboxylic acid in presence of amide coupling agents such as HBTU (O-(benzotriazo-1-yl)-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate), tertiary amine bases such as dimethylaminopyridine and solvents such as dimethylformamide at ambient temperature for 4-24 hours followed by the removal of the PMB protecting group by heating the intermediate in trifluoroacetic acid at 65° C. for a period of 12-24 hours. Alternatively amide coupling agents such as DCC (dicyclohexycarbodiimide), BOP ((benzotriazo-1-yloxy)tris(dimethylamino) phosphonium hexafluorophosphate, EDCI.HCl (1-(3-Dimethyl aminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride), DMC (2-chloro-1,3-dimethylimidazolinium chloride) and tertiary amines bases such as triethylamine, diisopropylethyl amine can also be used. Many carboxylic acids are commercially available or readily prepared by methods described in the literature and known to those skilled in art.

Alternatively, the pyrazolopyridine amides (XXXIa, b, XXXVIII) can be conveniently prepared by treating pyrazolopyridine amine (XII, XIII, XVIII) with acid chlorides such as m-trifluoromethylbenzoyl chloride in presence of tertiary amine bases such as triethylamine, diisopropylethyl amine and solvents such as dichloromethane at ambient temperature for 1-12 hours followed by the removal of the PMB protecting group by heating the intermediate in trifluoroacetic acid at 65° C. for a period of 12-24 hours. Many acid chlorides are commercially available or readily prepared by methods described in the literature and known to those skilled in art.

Pyrazolo-pyridine sulfonamide (XXXIIa, b, XXXIX) can be conveniently prepared by treating pyrazolopyridine amine (XII, XIII, XVIII) with sulfonyl chlorides such as methanesulfonyl chloride in presence of tertiary amine bases such as triethylamine and solvents such as dichloromethane at ambient temperature for 1-12 hours followed by the removal of the PMB protecting group by heating the intermediate in trifluoroacetic acid at 65° C. for a period of 12-24 hours. Alternatively tertiary amines bases such as diisopropylethyl amine can also be used. Many sulfonyl chlorides are commercially available or readily prepared by methods described in the literature and known to those skilled in art.

Pyrazolopyridine urea (XXXIIIa, b, XXXX) can be conveniently prepared by treating pyrazolopyridine amine (XII, XIII, XVIII) with isocyanates such as phenylisocyanate in solvents such as dichloromethane at ambient temperature for 1-12 hours followed by the removal of the PMB protecting group by heating the intermediate in trifluoroacetic acid at 65° C. for a period of 12-24 hours. Many isocyanates are commercially available or readily prepared by methods described in the literature and known to those skilled in art. Isocyantes can also be prepared in situ from carboxylic acids by a variety of methods familiar to those skilled in the art. Carboxylic acids are treated with diphenyl phosphoryl azide in solvents such as toluene at reflux for 1-5 hours. The isocyanates are used in situ as solution to react with the pyrazolopyridine amine (XII, XIII) to prepare pyrazolo-pyridine ureas (XXXIIIa, b) as described above. Alternatively, the pyrazolopyridine amine (XII, XIII) can be converted to pyrazolopyridine amine carbamoyl chloride (XXXIVa, b) which can then be reacted with amines followed by the removal of the PMB protecting group by heating the intermediate in trifluoroacetic acid at 65° C. for a period of 12-24 hours to give pyrazolo-pyridine ureas (XXXIIIa, b).

Pyrazolopyridine amine heterocycle (XXXVa, b, XXXXI) can be conveniently prepared by treating pyrazolopyridine amine (XII, XIII, XVIII) with heterocyclic halides such as 2-chloropyrazine, tertiary amine bases such as triethylamine, diisopropylethyl amies in polar aprotic solvent such as dimethylsulfoxide, dimethylformamide at 80-110° C. for 1-12 hours followed by the removal of the PMB protecting group by heating the intermediate in trifluoroacetic acid at 65° C. for a period of 12-24 hours. Many heterocyclic halides are commercially available or readily prepared by methods described in the literature and known to those skilled in art.

Pyrazolopyridine thiourea (XXXVIa, b, XXXXII) can be conveniently prepared by treating pyrazolopyridine amine (XII, XIII, XVIII) with thioisocyanates such as phenyl thioisocyanate in solvents such as dichloromethane at ambient temperature for 1-12 hours followed by the removal of the PMB protecting group by heating the intermediate in trifluoroacetic acid at 65° C. for a period of 12-24 hours. Many isocyanates are commercially available or readily prepared by methods described in the literature and known to those skilled in art.

The compounds of the formula (XXXVIIa, b, XXXXIII) can be conveniently prepared by treating pyrazolopyridine amine (XII, XIII, XVIII) with aldehydes such as benzaldehyde and reducing agents such sodium triacetoxyborohydride or tetramethylammoniumborohydride in solvents such as dichloromethane at ambient temperature for 1-12 hours followed by the removal of the PMB protecting group by heating the intermediate in trifluoroacetic acid at 65° C. for a period of 12-24 hours. Many aldehydes are commercially available or readily prepared by methods described in the literature and known to those skilled in art.

Pyrazolopyridine urea amides of formula (XXXXIV) formed using anilines or heterocyclic amines can be prepared as shown in Scheme 9.

PMB protected pyrazolo pyridine urea ester (XXXXV) can be prepared by treating pyrazolopyridine (XII) with isocyanates with carboxylic esters in solvents such as dichloromethane at ambient temperature for 1-12 hours. Many isocyanates with carboxylic esters are commercially available or readily prepared by methods described in the literature and known to those skilled in art. The ester group on the PMB protected pyrazolopyridine urea ester (XXXXV) is converted to carboxylic compound (XXXXVI) by hydrolysis using sodium hydroxide, water and protic solvent like methanol, ethanol at ambient temperatures for a period of 12-24 hours. The PMB protected pyrazolopyridine urea acid (XXXXVI) is then converted to pyrozolopyridine urea amides (XXXXIV) by reacting with coupling agent DMC (2-chloro-1,3-dimethylimidazolinium chloride) and amines like anilines, heterocyclic amines in solvents such as dichloromethane at ambient temperatures for a period of 12-24 hours followed by the removal of the PMB protecting group by heating the intermediate in trifluoroacetic acid at 65° C. for a period of 12-24 hours. Many anilines and heterocyclic amines are commercially available or readily prepared by methods described in the literature and known to those skilled in art.

Alternatively, the pyrazolopyridine urea amide (XXXXVII) of primary or secondary amines, which are more reactive than anilines, can be prepared as shown in scheme 10.

The PMB protected pyrazolo pyridine amine (XII) is deprotected in acids such as trifluoroacetic acid at 65° C. for 12-24 hours to give the pyrazolopyridine amine followed by reaction with isocyanates with carboxylic esters in solvents such as dichloromethane at ambient temperature for 1-12 hours to give the pyrazolopyridine urea ester (XXXXVIII). Many isocyanates with carboxylic esters are commercially available or readily prepared by methods described in the literature and known to those skilled in art. The pyrazolopyridine urea ester (XXXXVIII) can then be converted to pyrazolopyridine urea carboxylic acid (XXXXIX) by hydrolysis using sodium hydroxide, water and protic solvent like methanol, ethanol at ambient temperatures for a period of 12-24 hours. The pyrazolopyridine urea amide (XXXXVII) can be conveniently prepared by treating pyrazolopyridine urea acid (XXXXIX) with the corresponding primary or secondary amines in presence of amide coupling agents such as HBTU (O-(benzotriazo-1-yl)-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate), tertiary amine bases such as dimethylaminopyridine and solvents such as dimethylformamide at ambient temperature for 4-24 hours. Alternatively amide coupling agents such as DCC (dicyclohexycarbodiimide), BOP ((benzotriazo-1-yloxy)tris(dimethylamino) phosphonium hexafluorophosphate, EDCI.HCl (1-(3-Dimethyl aminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride), DMC (2-chloro-1,3-dimethylimidazolinium chloride) and tertiary amines bases such as triethylamine, diisopropylethyl amine can also be used. Many primary and secondary amines are commercially available or readily prepared by methods described in the literature and known to those skilled in art.

The compounds of the formula (XXXXXa-c) can be prepared as shown in scheme 11.

The compounds of the formula (XXXXXa-c) can be prepared using two conditions. In condition 1, a primary or secondary amine such as N-Methyl piperazine or benzyl amine is heated with the α-chloroamide of pyrazolopyridine amine (XXV, XXII, XXVI) in presence of tertiary amines bases such as triethylamine, diisopropylethyl amine in solvents such as 1,4-dioxane for at 100° C. for a period of 2-18 hours to give the compound (XXXXXa-c). If the amine used is a protected diamine such N-t-BOC-piperazine then a compound with the formula (XXXXXIa-c) is obtained. The protecting group (N-t-BOC) can be removed under acid conditions such as HCl (g) in Dioxane or trifluoroacetic at ambient temperatures for a period 2-16 hours to give the desired compounds with the formula (XXXXXa-c). Alternatively condition 2 can be utilized where the amino amides of pyrazolopyridines (XXXXXa-c) are prepared by heating chloroamide of pyrazolopyridine amine (XXV, XXII, XXVI) in presence of phase transfer catalyst such as n-butylammonium iodide and tertiary amines bases such as triethylamine, diisopropylethyl amine in solvents such as 1,4-dioxane at 100° C. for a period of 2-18 hours. Many primary and secondary amines are commercially available or readily prepared by methods described in the literature and known to those skilled in art.

The compounds of the formula (XXXXXII) can be prepared as shown in scheme 12.

The PMB protected pyrazolopyridine amine (XII) is reacted with the t-BOC protected succinimide ester of amino acid (XXXXXIII) such as phenylalanine in solvent such as dichloromethane under ambient temperatures for a period of 1-10 hours to give the compounds of formula (XXXXXIV). The t-BOC protecting group is then removed under acid conditions such as trifluoroacetic acid in dichloromethane or HCl gas as a solution in 1,4-dioxane at ambient temperatures for a period 4-18 hours to give the compounds of formula (XXXXXV). The PMB protecting of the compound with the formula (XXXXXV) is then removed by heating in trifluoroacetic acid at 65° C. for a period of 16-24 hours to give the compound of formula (XXXXXII). Many N-protected succinimyl esters of amino acids are commercially available or readily prepared by methods described in the literature and known to those skilled in art.

The compounds of the formula (XXXXXVI) were prepared as shown in scheme 13. The thiomethyl pyrimidine pyrazolopyridine (XXXXXXVII) was treated with an oxidant such as Oxone in a mixture of water and a protic solvent such as methanol at ambient temperature for 12-24 hours to give the corresponding sulfone (XXXXXVIII). Alternatively, m-CPBA can be utilized at ambient temperatures for a period 12-24 hours to prepare compounds with the formula (XXXXXXVIII), The sulfone (XXXXXVIII) can then be reacted with the primary or secondary amines or anilines in solvents such as DMSO at 100° C. for a period of 1-24 hours followed by the removal of the PMB protecting group by heating the intermediate in trifluoroacetic acid at 65° C. for a period of 12-24 hours to give the desired compounds with the formula (XXXXXVI). Many primary, secondary amines and anilines are commercially available or readily prepared by methods described in the literature and known to those skilled in art.

The compounds of formula (XXXXXIX) can be prepared as shown in Scheme 14.

The ketone ethyl ester (XXXXXX) is heated with DMF acetal in DMF at 120° C. for a period of 12-48 hours to give the enaminone (XXXXXXI). The enaminone (XXXXXXI) is heated with p-methoxy benzyl protected amino pyrazole (IV) in acid such as glacial acetic acid at 100° C. for a period of 12-36 hours to give PMB protected pyrazolopyridine ethyl ester (XXXXXXII). The ethyl ester is hydrolyzed using base such as lithium hydroxide in water and protic solvent such as methanol at ambient temperature for 1 to 12 hours to give the compound with the formula (XXXXXXIII). The pyrazolopyridine amide (XXXXXIX) can be conveniently prepared by treating pyrazolo-pyridine acids (XXXXXXIII) with the corresponding primary, secondary amine or anilines in presence of amide coupling agents such as HBTU (O-(benzotriazo-1-yl)-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate), tertiary amine bases such as dimethylaminopyridine and solvents such as dimethylformamide at ambient temperature for 4-24 hours followed by the removal of the PMB protecting group by heating the intermediate (XXXXXXIV) in trifluoroacetic acid at 65° C. for a period of 12-24 hours. Alternatively amide coupling agents such as DCC (dicyclohexycarbodiimide), BOP ((benzotriazo-1-yloxy)tris(dimethylamino) phosphonium hexafluorophosphate, EDCI.HCl (1-(3-Dimethyl aminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride), DMC (2-chloro-1,3-dimethylimidazolinium chloride) and tertiary amines bases such as triethylamine, diisopropylethyl amine can also be used. Many amines (primary, secondary, and aniline) are commercially available or readily prepared by methods described in the literature and known to those skilled in art.

The compounds of formula (XXXXXXV) can be prepared as shown in scheme 15.

Suzuki reaction is carried out on 3-bromo-pyrazolopyridine (XXXXXXVI) at 100° C. for a period of 16-24 hours using substituted phenyl boronic acids, palladium coupling agents such as dichloro-((bis diphenylphosphino)ferrocenyl)palladium, aqueous bases such as sodium carbonate and in solvents such as toluene, and protic solvents such as ethanol to give the compound with formula (XXXXXXVII). Many boronic acids are commercially available or readily prepared by methods described in the literature and known to those skilled in art. The t-BOC-protecting group on compounds with formula (XXXXXXVII) is then removed under acid conditions such as HCl gas as a solution in 1,4-dioxane at 55° C. for a period 10-24 hours to give the compounds of formula (XXXXXXVIII). The amines of the formula (XXXXXXVIII) can then be reacted with isocyanates such as phenyl isocyanate in solvents such as tetrahydrofuran at ambient temperature for 1-12 hours to give compounds of formula (XXXXXXV). Many isocyanates are commercially available or readily prepared by methods described in the literature and known to those skilled in art.

3. Methods of Treatment

The present invention provides methods for the treatment of a cell proliferative disorder in a subject in need thereof by administering to a subject in need of such treatment, a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I-IV. The cell proliferative disorder can be cancer or a precancerous condition. The present invention further provides the use of a compound of Formula I-IV for the preparation of a medicament useful for the treatment of a cell proliferative disorder.

The present invention also provides methods of protecting against a cell proliferative disorder in a subject in need thereof by administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I-IV to a subject in need of such treatment. The cell proliferative disorder can be cancer or a precancerous condition. The present invention also provides the use of a compound of Formula I-IV for the preparation of a medicament useful for the prevention of a cell proliferative disorder.

As used herein, a “subject in need thereof” is a subject having a cell proliferative disorder, or a subject having an increased risk of developing a cell proliferative disorder relative to the population at large. A subject in need thereof can have a precancerous condition. Preferably, a subject in need thereof has cancer. A “subject” includes a mammal. The mammal can be e.g., any mammal, e.g., a human, primate, bird, mouse, rat, fowl, dog, cat, cow, horse, goat, camel, sheep or a pig. Preferably, the mammal is a human.

As used herein, the term “cell proliferative disorder” refers to conditions in which unregulated or abnormal growth, or both, of cells can lead to the development of an unwanted condition or disease, which may or may not be cancerous. Exemplary cell proliferative disorders of the invention encompass a variety of conditions wherein cell division is deregulated. Exemplary cell proliferative disorder include, but are not limited to, neoplasms, benign tumors, malignant tumors, pre-cancerous conditions, in situ tumors, encapsulated tumors, metastatic tumors, liquid tumors, solid tumors, immunological tumors, hematological tumors, cancers, carcinomas, leukemias, lymphomas, sarcomas, and rapidly dividing cells. The term “rapidly dividing cell” as used herein is defined as any cell that divides at a rate that exceeds or is greater than what is expected or observed among neighboring or juxtaposed cells within the same tissue. A cell proliferative disorder includes a precancer or a precancerous condition. A cell proliferative disorder includes cancer. Preferably, the methods provided herein are used to treat or alleviate a symptom of cancer. The term “cancer” includes solid tumors, as well as, hematologic tumors and/or malignancies. A “precancer cell” or “precancerous cell” is a cell manifesting a cell proliferative disorder that is a precancer or a precancerous condition. A “cancer cell” or “cancerous cell” is a cell manifesting a cell proliferative disorder that is a cancer. Any reproducible means of measurement may be used to identify cancer cells or precancerous cells. Cancer cells or precancerous cells can be identified by histological typing or grading of a tissue sample (e.g., a biopsy sample). Cancer cells or precancerous cells can be identified through the use of appropriate molecular markers.

Exemplary non-cancerous conditions or disorders include, but are not limited to, rheumatoid arthritis; inflammation; autoimmune disease; lymphoproliferative conditions; acromegaly; rheumatoid spondylitis; osteoarthritis; gout, other arthritic conditions; sepsis; septic shock; endotoxic shock; gram-negative sepsis; toxic shock syndrome; asthma; adult respiratory distress syndrome; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; chronic pulmonary inflammation; inflammatory bowel disease; Crohn's disease; psoriasis; eczema; ulcerative colitis; pancreatic fibrosis; hepatic fibrosis; acute and chronic renal disease; irritable bowel syndrome; pyresis; restenosis; cerebral malaria; stroke and ischemic injury; neural trauma; Alzheimer's disease; Huntington's disease; Parkinson's disease; acute and chronic pain; allergic rhinitis; allergic conjunctivitis; chronic heart failure; acute coronary syndrome; cachexia; malaria; leprosy; leishmaniasis; Lyme disease; Reiter's syndrome; acute synovitis; muscle degeneration, bursitis; tendonitis; tenosynovitis; herniated, ruptures, or prolapsed intervertebral disk syndrome; osteopetrosis; thrombosis; restenosis; silicosis; pulmonary sarcosis; bone resorption diseases, such as osteoporosis; graft-versus-host reaction; Multiple Sclerosis; lupus; fibromyalgia; AIDS and other viral diseases such as Herpes Zoster, Herpes Simplex I or II, influenza virus and cytomegalovirus; and diabetes mellitus.

Exemplary cancers include, but are not limited to, adrenocortical carcinoma, AIDS-related cancers, AIDS-related lymphoma, anal cancer, anorectal cancer, cancer of the anal canal, appendix cancer, childhood cerebellar astrocytoma, childhood cerebral astrocytoma, basal cell carcinoma, skin cancer (non-melanoma), biliary cancer, extrahepatic bile duct cancer, intrahepatic bile duct cancer, bladder cancer, uringary bladder cancer, bone and joint cancer, osteosarcoma and malignant fibrous histiocytoma, brain cancer, brain tumor, brain stem glioma, cerebellar astrocytoma, cerebral astrocytoma/malignant glioma, ependymoma, medulloblastoma, supratentorial primitive neuroectodeimal tumors, visual pathway and hypothalamic glioma, breast cancer, bronchial adenomas/carcinoids, carcinoid tumor, gastrointestinal, nervous system cancer, nervous system lymphoma, central nervous system cancer, central nervous system lymphoma, cervical cancer, childhood cancers, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, chronic myelogenous leukemia, chronic myeloproliferative disorders, colon cancer, colorectal cancer, cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, lymphoid neoplasm, mycosis fungoides, Seziary Syndrome, endometrial cancer, esophageal cancer, extracranial germ cell tumor, extragonadal germ cell tumor, extrahepatic bile duct cancer, eye cancer, intraocular melanoma, retinoblastoma, gallbladder cancer, gastric (stomach) cancer, gastrointestinal carcinoid tumor, gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST), germ cell tumor, ovarian germ cell tumor, gestational trophoblastic tumor glioma, head and neck cancer, hepatocellular (liver) cancer, Hodgkin lymphoma, hypopharyngeal cancer, intraocular melanoma, ocular cancer, islet cell tumors (endocrine pancreas), Kaposi Sarcoma, kidney cancer, renal cancer, kidney cancer, laryngeal cancer, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, chronic myelogenous leukemia, hairy cell leukemia, lip and oral cavity cancer, liver cancer, lung cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, small cell lung cancer, AIDS-related lymphoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, primary central nervous system lymphoma, Waldenstram macroglobulinemia, medulloblastoma, melanoma, intraocular (eye) melanoma, merkel cell carcinoma, mesothelioma malignant, mesothelioma, metastatic squamous neck cancer, mouth cancer, cancer of the tongue, multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome, mycosis fungoides, myelodysplastic syndromes, myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative diseases, chronic myelogenous leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, multiple myeloma, chronic myeloproliferative disorders, nasopharyngeal cancer, neuroblastoma, oral cancer, oral cavity cancer, oropharyngeal cancer, ovarian cancer, ovarian epithelial cancer, ovarian low malignant potential tumor, pancreatic cancer, islet cell pancreatic cancer, paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer, parathyroid cancer, penile cancer, pharyngeal cancer, pheochromocytoma, pineoblastoma and supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumors, pituitary tumor, plasma cell neoplasm/multiple myeloma, pleuropulmonary blastoma, prostate cancer, rectal cancer, renal pelvis and ureter, transitional cell cancer, retinoblastoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, salivary gland cancer, ewing family of sarcoma tumors, Kaposi Sarcoma, soft tissue sarcoma, uterine cancer, uterine sarcoma, skin cancer (non-melanoma), skin cancer (melanoma), merkel cell skin carcinoma, small intestine cancer, soft tissue sarcoma, squamous cell carcinoma, stomach (gastric) cancer, supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumors, testicular cancer, throat cancer, thymoma, thymoma and thymic carcinoma, thyroid cancer, transitional cell cancer of the renal pelvis and ureter and other urinary organs, gestational trophoblastic tumor, urethral cancer, endometrial uterine cancer, uterine sarcoma, uterine corpus cancer, vaginal cancer, vulvar cancer, and Wilm's Tumor.

A “cell proliferative disorder of the hematologic system” is a cell proliferative disorder involving cells of the hematologic system. A cell proliferative disorder of the hematologic system can include lymphoma, leukemia, myeloid neoplasms, mast cell neoplasms, myelodysplasia, benign monoclonal gammopathy, lymphomatoid granulomatosis, lymphomatoid papulosis, polycythemia vera, chronic myelocytic leukemia, agnogenic myeloid metaplasia, and essential thrombocythemia. A cell proliferative disorder of the hematologic system can include hyperplasia, dysplasia, and metaplasia of cells of the hematologic system. Preferably, compositions of the present invention may be used to treat a cancer selected from the group consisting of a hematologic cancer of the present invention or a hematologic cell proliferative disorder of the present invention. A hematologic cancer of the present invention can include multiple myeloma, lymphoma (including Hodgkin's lymphoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, childhood lymphomas, and lymphomas of lymphocytic and cutaneous origin), leukemia (including childhood leukemia, hairy-cell leukemia, acute lymphocytic leukemia, acute myelocytic leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, chronic myelocytic leukemia, chronic myelogenous leukemia, and mast cell leukemia), myeloid neoplasms and mast cell neoplasms.

A “cell proliferative disorder of the lung” is a cell proliferative disorder involving cells of the lung. Cell proliferative disorders of the lung can include all forms of cell proliferative disorders affecting lung cells. Cell proliferative disorders of the lung can include lung cancer, a precancer or precancerous condition of the lung, benign growths or lesions of the lung, and malignant growths or lesions of the lung, and metastatic lesions in tissue and organs in the body other than the lung. Preferably, compositions of the present invention may be used to treat lung cancer or cell proliferative disorders of the lung. Lung cancer can include all forms of cancer of the lung. Lung cancer can include malignant lung neoplasms, carcinoma in situ, typical carcinoid tumors, and atypical carcinoid tumors. Lung cancer can include small cell lung cancer (“SCLC”), non-small cell lung cancer (“NSCLC”), squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, small cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma, adenosquamous cell carcinoma, and mesothelioma. Lung cancer can include “scar carcinoma”, bronchioalveolar carcinoma, giant cell carcinoma, spindle cell carcinoma, and large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma. Lung cancer can include lung neoplasms having histologic and ultrastructual heterogeneity (e.g., mixed cell types).

Cell proliferative disorders of the lung can include all forms of cell proliferative disorders affecting lung cells. Cell proliferative disorders of the lung can include lung cancer, precancerous conditions of the lung. Cell proliferative disorders of the lung can include hyperplasia, metaplasia, and dysplasia of the lung. Cell proliferative disorders of the lung can include asbestos-induced hyperplasia, squamous metaplasia, and benign reactive mesothelial metaplasia. Cell proliferative disorders of the lung can include replacement of columnar epithelium with stratified squamous epithelium, and mucosal dysplasia. Individuals exposed to inhaled injurious environmental agents such as cigarette smoke and asbestos may be at increased risk for developing cell proliferative disorders of the lung. Prior lung diseases that may predispose individuals to development of cell proliferative disorders of the lung can include chronic interstitial lung disease, necrotizing pulmonary disease, scleroderma, rheumatoid disease, sarcoidosis, interstitial pneumonitis, tuberculosis, repeated pneumonias, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, granulomata, asbestosis, fibrosing alveolitis, and Hodgkin's disease.

A “cell proliferative disorder of the colon” is a cell proliferative disorder involving cells of the colon. Preferably, the cell proliferative disorder of the colon is colon cancer. Preferably, compositions of the present invention may be used to treat colon cancer or cell proliferative disorders of the colon. Colon cancer can include all forms of cancer of the colon. Colon cancer can include sporadic and hereditary colon cancers. Colon cancer can include malignant colon neoplasms, carcinoma in situ, typical carcinoid tumors, and atypical carcinoid tumors. Colon cancer can include adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and adenosquamous cell carcinoma. Colon cancer can be associated with a hereditary syndrome selected from the group consisting of hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer, familial adenomatous polyposis, Gardner's syndrome, Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, Turcot's syndrome and juvenile polyposis. Colon cancer can be caused by a hereditary syndrome selected from the group consisting of hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer, familial adenomatous polyposis, Gardner's syndrome, Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, Turcot's syndrome and juvenile polyposis.

Cell proliferative disorders of the colon can include all forms of cell proliferative disorders affecting colon cells. Cell proliferative disorders of the colon can include colon cancer, precancerous conditions of the colon, adenomatous polyps of the colon and metachronous lesions of the colon. A cell proliferative disorder of the colon can include adenoma. Cell proliferative disorders of the colon can be characterized by hyperplasia, metaplasia, and dysplasia of the colon. Prior colon diseases that may predispose individuals to development of cell proliferative disorders of the colon can include prior colon cancer. Current disease that may predispose individuals to development of cell proliferative disorders of the colon can include Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. A cell proliferative disorder of the colon can be associated with a mutation in a gene selected from the group consisting of p53, ras, FAP and DCC. An individual can have an elevated risk of developing a cell proliferative disorder of the colon due to the presence of a mutation in a gene selected from the group consisting of p53, ras, FAP and DCC.

A “cell proliferative disorder of the pancreas” is a cell proliferative disorder involving cells of the pancreas. Cell proliferative disorders of the pancreas can include all forms of cell proliferative disorders affecting pancreatic cells. Cell proliferative disorders of the pancreas can include pancreas cancer, a precancer or precancerous condition of the pancreas, hyperplasia of the pancreas, and dysaplasia of the pancreas, benign growths or lesions of the pancreas, and malignant growths or lesions of the pancreas, and metastatic lesions in tissue and organs in the body other than the pancreas. Pancreatic cancer includes all forms of cancer of the pancreas. Pancreatic cancer can include ductal adenocarcinoma, adenosquamous carcinoma, pleomorphic giant cell carcinoma, mucinous adenocarcinoma, osteoclast-like giant cell carcinoma, mucinous cystadenocarcinoma, acinar carcinoma, unclassified large cell carcinoma, small cell carcinoma, pancreatoblastoma, papillary neoplasm, mucinous cystadenoma, papillary cystic neoplasm, and serous cystadenoma. Pancreatic cancer can also include pancreatic neoplasms having histologic and ultrastructual heterogeneity (e.g., mixed cell types).

A “cell proliferative disorder of the prostate” is a cell proliferative disorder involving cells of the prostate. Cell proliferative disorders of the prostate can include all forms of cell proliferative disorders affecting prostate cells. Cell proliferative disorders of the prostate can include prostate cancer, a precancer or precancerous condition of the prostate, benign growths or lesions of the prostate, and malignant growths or lesions of the prostate, and metastatic lesions in tissue and organs in the body other than the prostate. Cell proliferative disorders of the prostate can include hyperplasia, metaplasia, and dysplasia of the prostate.

A “cell proliferative disorder of the skin” is a cell proliferative disorder involving cells of the skin. Cell proliferative disorders of the skin can include all forms of cell proliferative disorders affecting skin cells. Cell proliferative disorders of the skin can include a precancer or precancerous condition of the skin, benign growths or lesions of the skin, melanoma, malignant melanoma and other malignant growths or lesions of the skin, and metastatic lesions in tissue and organs in the body other than the skin. Cell proliferative disorders of the skin can include hyperplasia, metaplasia, and dysplasia of the skin.

A “cell proliferative disorder of the ovary” is a cell proliferative disorder involving cells of the ovary. Cell proliferative disorders of the ovary can include all forms of cell proliferative disorders affecting cells of the ovary. Cell proliferative disorders of the ovary can include a precancer or precancerous condition of the ovary, benign growths or lesions of the ovary, ovarian cancer, malignant growths or lesions of the ovary, and metastatic lesions in tissue and organs in the body other than the ovary. Cell proliferative disorders of the skin can include hyperplasia, metaplasia, and dysplasia of cells of the ovary.

A “cell proliferative disorder of the breast” is a cell proliferative disorder involving cells of the breast. Cell proliferative disorders of the breast can include all forms of cell proliferative disorders affecting breast cells. Cell proliferative disorders of the breast can include breast cancer, a precancer or precancerous condition of the breast, benign growths or lesions of the breast, and malignant growths or lesions of the breast, and metastatic lesions in tissue and organs in the body other than the breast. Cell proliferative disorders of the breast can include hyperplasia, metaplasia, and dysplasia of the breast.

A cell proliferative disorder of the breast can be a precancerous condition of the breast. Compositions of the present invention may be used to treat a precancerous condition of the breast. A precancerous condition of the breast can include atypical hyperplasia of the breast, ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), intraductal carcinoma, lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS), lobular neoplasia, and stage 0 or grade 0 growth or lesion of the breast (e.g., stage 0 or grade 0 breast cancer, or carcinoma in situ). A precancerous condition of the breast can be staged according to the TNM classification scheme as accepted by the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC), where the primary tumor (T) has been assigned a stage of T0 or T is; and where the regional lymph nodes (N) have been assigned a stage of N0; and where distant metastasis (M) has been assigned a stage of M0.

The cell proliferative disorder of the breast can be breast cancer. Preferably, compositions of the present invention may be used to treat breast cancer. Breast cancer includes all forms of cancer of the breast. Breast cancer can include primary epithelial breast cancers. Breast cancer can include cancers in which the breast is involved by other tumors such as lymphoma, sarcoma or melanoma. Breast cancer can include carcinoma of the breast, ductal carcinoma of the breast, lobular carcinoma of the breast, undifferentiated carcinoma of the breast, cystosarcoma phyllodes of the breast, angiosarcoma of the breast, and primary lymphoma of the breast. Breast cancer can include Stage I, II, IIIA, IIIB, IIIC and IV breast cancer. Ductal carcinoma of the breast can include invasive carcinoma, invasive carcinoma in situ with predominant intraductal component, inflammatory breast cancer, and a ductal carcinoma of the breast with a histologic type selected from the group consisting of comedo, mucinous (colloid), medullary, medullary with lymphcytic infiltrate, papillary, scirrhous, and tubular. Lobular carcinoma of the breast can include invasive lobular carcinoma with predominant in situ component, invasive lobular carcinoma, and infiltrating lobular carcinoma. Breast cancer can include Paget's disease, Paget's disease with intraductal carcinoma, and Paget's disease with invasive ductal carcinoma. Breast cancer can include breast neoplasms having histologic and ultrastructual heterogeneity (e.g., mixed cell types).

Preferably, a compound of the present invention may be used to treat breast cancer. A breast cancer that is to be treated can include familial breast cancer. A breast cancer that is to be treated can include sporadic breast cancer. A breast cancer that is to be treated can arise in a male subject. A breast cancer that is to be treated can arise in a female subject. A breast cancer that is to be treated can arise in a premenopausal female subject or a postmenopausal female subject. A breast cancer that is to be treated can arise in a subject equal to or older than 30 years old, or a subject younger than 30 years old. A breast cancer that is to be treated has arisen in a subject equal to or older than 50 years old, or a subject younger than 50 years old. A breast cancer that is to be treated can arise in a subject equal to or older than 70 years old, or a subject younger than 70 years old.

A breast cancer that is to be treated can be typed to identify a familial or spontaneous mutation in BRCA1, BRCA2, or p53. A breast cancer that is to be treated can be typed as having a HER2/neu gene amplification, as overexpressing HER2/neu, or as having a low, intermediate or high level of HER2/neu expression. A breast cancer that is to be treated can be typed for a marker selected from the group consisting of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), human epidermal growth factor receptor-2, Ki-67, CA15-3, CA 27-29, and c-Met. A breast cancer that is to be treated can be typed as ER-unknown, ER-rich or ER-poor. A breast cancer that is to be treated can be typed as ER-negative or ER-positive. ER-typing of a breast cancer may be performed by any reproducible means. ER-typing of a breast cancer may be performed as set forth in Onkologie 27: 175-179 (2004). A breast cancer that is to be treated can be typed as PR-unknown, PR-rich or PR-poor. A breast cancer that is to be treated can be typed as PR-negative or PR-positive. A breast cancer that is to be treated can be typed as receptor positive or receptor negative. A breast cancer that is to be treated can be typed as being associated with elevated blood levels of CA 15-3, or CA 27-29, or both.

A breast cancer that is to be treated can include a localized tumor of the breast. A breast cancer that is to be treated can include a tumor of the breast that is associated with a negative sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy. A breast cancer that is to be treated can include a tumor of the breast that is associated with a positive sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy. A breast cancer that is to be treated can include a tumor of the breast that is associated with one or more positive axillary lymph nodes, where the axillary lymph nodes have been staged by any applicable method. A breast cancer that is to be treated can include a tumor of the breast that has been typed as having nodal negative status (e.g., node-negative) or nodal positive status (e.g., node-positive). A breast cancer that is to be treated can include a tumor of the breast that has metastasized to other locations in the body. A breast cancer that is to be treated can be classified as having metastasized to a location selected from the group consisting of bone, lung, liver, or brain. A breast cancer that is to be treated can be classified according to a characteristic selected from the group consisting of metastatic, localized, regional, local-regional, locally advanced, distant, multicentric, bilateral, ipsilateral, contralateral, newly diagnosed, recurrent, and inoperable.

A compound of the present invention may be used to treat or prevent a cell proliferative disorder of the breast, or to treat or prevent breast cancer, in a subject having an increased risk of developing breast cancer relative to the population at large. A subject with an increased risk of developing breast cancer relative to the population at large is a female subject with a family history or personal history of breast cancer. A subject with an increased risk of developing breast cancer relative to the population at large is a female subject having a germ-line or spontaneous mutation in BRCA1 or BRCA2, or both. A subject with an increased risk of developing breast cancer relative to the population at large is a female subject with a family history of breast cancer and a germ-line or spontaneous mutation in BRCA1 or BRCA2, or both. A subject with an increased risk of developing breast cancer relative to the population at large is a female who is greater than 30 years old, greater than 40 years old, greater than 50 years old, greater than 60 years old, greater than 70 years old, greater than 80 years old, or greater than 90 years old. A subject with an increased risk of developing breast cancer relative to the population at large is a subject with atypical hyperplasia of the breast, ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), intraductal carcinoma, lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS), lobular neoplasia, or a stage 0 growth or lesion of the breast (e.g., stage 0 or grade 0 breast cancer, or carcinoma in situ).

A breast cancer that is to be treated can histologically graded according to the Scarff-Bloom-Richardson system, wherein a breast tumor has been assigned a mitosis count score of 1, 2, or 3; a nuclear pleiomorphism score of 1, 2, or 3; a tubule formation score of 1, 2, or 3; and a total Scarff-Bloom-Richardson score of between 3 and 9. A breast cancer that is to be treated can be assigned a tumor grade according to the International Consensus Panel on the Treatment of Breast Cancer selected from the group consisting of grade 1, grade 1-2, grade 2, grade 2-3, or grade 3.

A cancer that is to be treated can be staged according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) TNM classification system, where the tumor (T) has been assigned a stage of TX, T1, T1 mic, T1a, T1b, T1c, T2, T3, T4, T4a, T4b, T4c, or T4d; and where the regional lymph nodes (N) have been assigned a stage of NX, N0, N1, N2, N2a, N2b, N3, N3a, N3b, or N3c; and where distant metastasis (M) can be assigned a stage of MX, M0, or M1. A cancer that is to be treated can be staged according to an American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) classification as Stage I, Stage IIA, Stage IIB, Stage IIIA, Stage IIIB, Stage IIIC, or Stage IV. A cancer that is to be treated can be assigned a grade according to an AJCC classification as Grade GX (e.g., grade cannot be assessed), Grade 1, Grade 2, Grade 3 or Grade 4. A cancer that is to be treated can be staged according to an AJCC pathologic classification (pN) of pNX, pN0, PN0 (I−), PN0 (I+), PN0 (mol−), PN0 (mol+), PN1, PN1 (mi), PN1a, PN1b, PN1c, pN2, pN2a, pN2b, pN3, pN3a, pN3b, or pN3c.

A cancer that is to be treated can include a tumor that has been determined to be less than or equal to about 2 centimeters in diameter. A cancer that is to be treated can include a tumor that has been determined to be from about 2 to about 5 centimeters in diameter. A cancer that is to be treated can include a tumor that has been determined to be greater than or equal to about 3 centimeters in diameter. A cancer that is to be treated can include a tumor that has been determined to be greater than 5 centimeters in diameter. A cancer that is to be treated can be classified by microscopic appearance as well differentiated, moderately differentiated, poorly differentiated, or undifferentiated. A cancer that is to be treated can be classified by microscopic appearance with respect to mitosis count (e.g., amount of cell division) or nuclear pleiomorphism (e.g., change in cells). A cancer that is to be treated can be classified by microscopic appearance as being associated with areas of necrosis (e.g., areas of dying or degenerating cells). A cancer that is to be treated can be classified as having an abnormal karyotype, having an abnormal number of chromosomes, or having one or more chromosomes that are abnormal in appearance. A cancer that is to be treated can be classified as being aneuploid, triploid, tetraploid, or as having an altered ploidy. A cancer that is to be treated can be classified as having a chromosomal translocation, or a deletion or duplication of an entire chromosome, or a region of deletion, duplication or amplification of a portion of a chromosome.

A cancer that is to be treated can be evaluated by DNA cytometry, flow cytometry, or image cytometry. A cancer that is to be treated can be typed as having 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, or 90% of cells in the synthesis stage of cell division (e.g., in S phase of cell division). A cancer that is to be treated can be typed as having a low S-phase fraction or a high S-phase fraction.

As used herein, a “normal cell” is a cell that cannot be classified as part of a “cell proliferative disorder”. A normal cell lacks unregulated or abnormal growth, or both, that can lead to the development of an unwanted condition or disease. Preferably, a normal cell possesses normally functioning cell cycle checkpoint control mechanisms.

As used herein, “contacting a cell” refers to a condition in which a compound or other composition of matter is in direct contact with a cell, or is close enough to induce a desired biological effect in a cell.

As used herein, “candidate compound” refers to a compound of the present invention that has been or will be tested in one or more in vitro or in vivo biological assays, in order to determine if that compound is likely to elicit a desired biological or medical response in a cell, tissue, system, animal or human that is being sought by a researcher or clinician. A candidate compound is a compound of Formula I-IV. The biological or medical response can be the treatment of cancer. The biological or medical response can be treatment or prevention of a cell proliferative disorder. In vitro or in vivo biological assays can include, but are not limited to, enzymatic activity assays, electrophoretic mobility shift assays, reporter gene assays, in vitro cell viability assays, and the assays described herein.

As used herein, “monotherapy” refers to the administration of a single active or therapeutic compound to a subject in need thereof. Preferably, monotherapy will involve administration of a therapeutically effective amount of an active compound. For example, cancer monotherapy with one of the compound of the present invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug, metabolite, analog or derivative thereof, to a subject in need of treatment of cancer. Monotherapy may be contrasted with combination therapy, in which a combination of multiple active compounds is administered, preferably with each component of the combination present in a therapeutically effective amount. In one aspect, monotherapy with a compound of the present invention is more effective than combination therapy in inducing a desired biological effect.

As used herein, “treating” or “treat” describes the management and care of a patient for the purpose of combating a disease, condition, or disorder and includes the administration of a compound of the present invention to alleviate the symptoms or complications of a disease, condition or disorder, or to eliminate the disease, condition or disorder.

A compound of the present invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug, metabolite, polymorph or solvate thereof, can also be used to prevent a disease, condition or disorder. As used herein, “preventing” or “prevent” describes reducing or eliminating the onset of the symptoms or complications of the disease, condition or disorder.

As used herein, the term “alleviate” is meant to describe a process by which the severity of a sign or symptom of a disorder is decreased. Importantly, a sign or symptom can be alleviated without being eliminated. In a preferred embodiment, the administration of pharmaceutical compositions of the invention leads to the elimination of a sign or symptom, however, elimination is not required. Effective dosages are expected to decrease the severity of a sign or symptom. For instance, a sign or symptom of a disorder such as cancer, which can occur in multiple locations, is alleviated if the severity of the cancer is decreased within at least one of multiple locations.

As used herein, the term “severity” is meant to describe the potential of cancer to transform from a precancerous, or benign, state into a malignant state. Alternatively, or in addition, severity is meant to describe a cancer stage, for example, according to the TNM system (accepted by the International Union Against Cancer (UICC) and the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC)) or by other art-recognized methods. Cancer stage refers to the extent or severity of the cancer, based on factors such as the location of the primary tumor, tumor size, number of tumors, and lymph node involvement (spread of cancer into lymph nodes). Alternatively, or in addition, severity is meant to describe the tumor grade by art-recognized methods (see, National Cancer Institute, www.cancer.gov). Tumor grade is a system used to classify cancer cells in terms of how abnormal they look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Many factors are considered when determining tumor grade, including the structure and growth pattern of the cells. The specific factors used to determine tumor grade vary with each type of cancer. Severity also describes a histologic grade, also called differentiation, which refers to how much the tumor cells resemble normal cells of the same tissue type (see, National Cancer Institute, www.cancer.gov). Furthermore, severity describes a nuclear grade, which refers to the size and shape of the nucleus in tumor cells and the percentage of tumor cells that are dividing (see, National Cancer Institute, www.cancer.gov).

In another aspect of the invention, severity describes the degree to which a tumor has secreted growth factors, degraded the extracellular matrix, become vascularized, lost adhesion to juxtaposed tissues, or metastasized. Moreover, severity describes the number of locations to which a primary tumor has metastasized. Finally, severity includes the difficulty of treating tumors of varying types and locations. For example, inoperable tumors, those cancers which have greater access to multiple body systems (hematological and immunological tumors), and those which are the most resistant to traditional treatments are considered most severe. In these situations, prolonging the life expectancy of the subject and/or reducing pain, decreasing the proportion of cancerous cells or restricting cells to one system, and improving cancer stage/tumor grade/histological grade/nuclear grade are considered alleviating a sign or symptom of the cancer.

As used herein the term “symptom” is defined as an indication of disease, illness, injury, or that something is not right in the body. Symptoms are felt or noticed by the individual experiencing the symptom, but may not easily be noticed by others. Others are defined as non-health-care professionals.

As used herein the term “sign” is also defined as an indication that something is not right in the body. But signs are defined as things that can be seen by a doctor, nurse, or other health care professional.

Cancer is a group of diseases that may cause almost any sign or symptom. The signs and symptoms will depend on where the cancer is, the size of the cancer, and how much it affects the nearby organs or structures. If a cancer spreads (metastasizes), then symptoms may appear in different parts of the body.

As a cancer grows, it begins to push on nearby organs, blood vessels, and nerves. This pressure creates some of the signs and symptoms of cancer. If the cancer is in a critical area, such as certain parts of the brain, even the smallest tumor can cause early symptoms.

But sometimes cancers start in places where it does not cause any symptoms until the cancer has grown quite large. Pancreas cancers, for example, do not usually grow large enough to be felt from the outside of the body. Some pancreatic cancers do not cause symptoms until they begin to grow around nearby nerves (this causes a backache). Others grow around the bile duct, which blocks the flow of bile and leads to a yellowing of the skin known as jaundice. By the time a pancreatic cancer causes these signs or symptoms, it has usually reached an advanced stage.

A cancer may also cause symptoms such as fever, fatigue, or weight loss. This may be because cancer cells use up much of the body's energy supply or release substances that change the body's metabolism. Or the cancer may cause the immune system to react in ways that produce these symptoms.

Sometimes, cancer cells release substances into the bloodstream that cause symptoms not usually thought to result from cancers. For example, some cancers of the pancreas can release substances which cause blood clots to develop in veins of the legs. Some lung cancers make hormone-like substances that affect blood calcium levels, affecting nerves and muscles and causing weakness and dizziness

Cancer presents several general signs or symptoms that occur when a variety of subtypes of cancer cells are present. Most people with cancer will lose weight at some time with their disease. An unexplained (unintentional) weight loss of 10 pounds or more may be the first sign of cancer, particularly cancers of the pancreas, stomach, esophagus, or lung.

Fever is very common with cancer, but is more often seen in advanced disease. Almost all patients with cancer will have fever at some time, especially if the cancer or its treatment affects the immune system and makes it harder for the body to fight infection. Less often, fever may be an early sign of cancer, such as with leukemia or lymphoma.

Fatigue may be an important symptom as cancer progresses. It may happen early, though, in cancers such as with leukemia, or if the cancer is causing an ongoing loss of blood, as in some colon or stomach cancers.

Pain may be an early symptom with some cancers such as bone cancers or testicular cancer. But most often pain is a symptom of advanced disease.

Along with cancers of the skin (see next section), some internal cancers can cause skin signs that can be seen. These changes include the skin looking darker (hyperpigmentation), yellow (jaundice), or red (erythema); itching; or excessive hair growth.

Alternatively, or in addition, cancer subtypes present specific signs or symptoms. Changes in bowel habits or bladder function could indicate cancer. Long-term constipation, diarrhea, or a change in the size of the stool may be a sign of colon cancer. Pain with urination, blood in the urine, or a change in bladder function (such as more frequent or less frequent urination) could be related to bladder or prostate cancer.

Changes in skin condition or appearance of a new skin condition could indicate cancer. Skin cancers may bleed and look like sores that do not heal. A long-lasting sore in the mouth could be an oral cancer, especially in patients who smoke, chew tobacco, or frequently drink alcohol. Sores on the penis or vagina may either be signs of infection or an early cancer.

Unusual bleeding or discharge could indicate cancer. Unusual bleeding can happen in either early or advanced cancer. Blood in the sputum (phlegm) may be a sign of lung cancer. Blood in the stool (or a dark or black stool) could be a sign of colon or rectal cancer. Cancer of the cervix or the endometrium (lining of the uterus) can cause vaginal bleeding. Blood in the urine may be a sign of bladder or kidney cancer. A bloody discharge from the nipple may be a sign of breast cancer.

A thickening or lump in the breast or in other parts of the body could indicate the presence of a cancer. Many cancers can be felt through the skin, mostly in the breast, testicle, lymph nodes (glands), and the soft tissues of the body. A lump or thickening may be an early or late sign of cancer. Any lump or thickening could be indicative of cancer, especially if the formation is new or has grown in size.

Indigestion or trouble swallowing could indicate cancer. While these symptoms commonly have other causes, indigestion or swallowing problems may be a sign of cancer of the esophagus, stomach, or pharynx (throat).

Recent changes in a wart or mole could be indicative of cancer. Any wart, mole, or freckle that changes in color, size, or shape, or loses its definite borders indicates the potential development of cancer. For example, the skin lesion may be a melanoma.

A persistent cough or hoarseness could be indicative of cancer. A cough that does not go away may be a sign of lung cancer. Hoarseness can be a sign of cancer of the larynx (voice box) or thyroid.

While the signs and symptoms listed above are the more common ones seen with cancer, there are many others that are less common and are not listed here. However, all art-recognized signs and symptoms of cancer are contemplated and encompassed by the instant invention.

Treating cancer can result in a reduction in size of a tumor. A reduction in size of a tumor may also be referred to as “tumor regression”. Preferably, after treatment, tumor size is reduced by 5% or greater relative to its size prior to treatment; more preferably, tumor size is reduced by 10% or greater; more preferably, reduced by 20% or greater; more preferably, reduced by 30% or greater; more preferably, reduced by 40% or greater; even more preferably, reduced by 50% or greater; and most preferably, reduced by greater than 75% or greater. Size of a tumor may be measured by any reproducible means of measurement. The size of a tumor may be measured as a diameter of the tumor.

Treating cancer can result in a reduction in tumor volume. Preferably, after treatment, tumor volume is reduced by 5% or greater relative to its size prior to treatment; more preferably, tumor volume is reduced by 10% or greater; more preferably, reduced by 20% or greater; more preferably, reduced by 30% or greater; more preferably, reduced by 40% or greater; even more preferably, reduced by 50% or greater; and most preferably, reduced by greater than 75% or greater. Tumor volume may be measured by any reproducible means of measurement.

Treating cancer results in a decrease in number of tumors. Preferably, after treatment, tumor number is reduced by 5% or greater relative to number prior to treatment; more preferably, tumor number is reduced by 10% or greater; more preferably, reduced by 20% or greater; more preferably, reduced by 30% or greater; more preferably, reduced by 40% or greater; even more preferably, reduced by 50% or greater; and most preferably, reduced by greater than 75%. Number of tumors may be measured by any reproducible means of measurement. The number of tumors may be measured by counting tumors visible to the naked eye or at a specified magnification. Preferably, the specified magnification is 2×, 3×, 4×, 5×, 10×, or 50×.

Treating cancer can result in a decrease in number of metastatic lesions in other tissues or organs distant from the primary tumor site. Preferably, after treatment, the number of metastatic lesions is reduced by 5% or greater relative to number prior to treatment; more preferably, the number of metastatic lesions is reduced by 10% or greater; more preferably, reduced by 20% or greater; more preferably, reduced by 30% or greater; more preferably, reduced by 40% or greater; even more preferably, reduced by 50% or greater; and most preferably, reduced by greater than 75%. The number of metastatic lesions may be measured by any reproducible means of measurement. The number of metastatic lesions may be measured by counting metastatic lesions visible to the naked eye or at a specified magnification. Preferably, the specified magnification is 2×, 3×, 4×, 5×, 10×, or 50×.

Treating cancer can result in an increase in average survival time of a population of treated subjects in comparison to a population receiving carrier alone. Preferably, the average survival time is increased by more than 30 days; more preferably, by more than 60 days; more preferably, by more than 90 days; and most preferably, by more than 120 days. An increase in average survival time of a population may be measured by any reproducible means. An increase in average survival time of a population may be measured, for example, by calculating for a population the average length of survival following initiation of treatment with an active compound. An increase in average survival time of a population may also be measured, for example, by calculating for a population the average length of survival following completion of a first round of treatment with an active compound.

Treating cancer can result in an increase in average survival time of a population of treated subjects in comparison to a population of untreated subjects. Preferably, the average survival time is increased by more than 30 days; more preferably, by more than 60 days; more preferably, by more than 90 days; and most preferably, by more than 120 days. An increase in average survival time of a population may be measured by any reproducible means. An increase in average survival time of a population may be measured, for example, by calculating for a population the average length of survival following initiation of treatment with an active compound. An increase in average survival time of a population may also be measured, for example, by calculating for a population the average length of survival following completion of a first round of treatment with an active compound.

Treating cancer can result in increase in average survival time of a population of treated subjects in comparison to a population receiving monotherapy with a drug that is not a compound of the present invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug, metabolite, analog or derivative thereof. Preferably, the average survival time is increased by more than 30 days; more preferably, by more than 60 days; more preferably, by more than 90 days; and most preferably, by more than 120 days. An increase in average survival time of a population may be measured by any reproducible means. An increase in average survival time of a population may be measured, for example, by calculating for a population the average length of survival following initiation of treatment with an active compound. An increase in average survival time of a population may also be measured, for example, by calculating for a population the average length of survival following completion of a first round of treatment with an active compound.

Treating cancer can result in a decrease in the mortality rate of a population of treated subjects in comparison to a population receiving carrier alone. Treating cancer can result in a decrease in the mortality rate of a population of treated subjects in comparison to an untreated population. Treating cancer can result in a decrease in the mortality rate of a population of treated subjects in comparison to a population receiving monotherapy with a drug that is not a compound of the present invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug, metabolite, analog or derivative thereof. Preferably, the mortality rate is decreased by more than 2%; more preferably, by more than 5%; more preferably, by more than 10%; and most preferably, by more than 25%. A decrease in the mortality rate of a population of treated subjects may be measured by any reproducible means. A decrease in the mortality rate of a population may be measured, for example, by calculating for a population the average number of disease-related deaths per unit time following initiation of treatment with an active compound. A decrease in the mortality rate of a population may also be measured, for example, by calculating for a population the average number of disease-related deaths per unit time following completion of a first round of treatment with an active compound.

Treating cancer can result in a decrease in tumor growth rate. Preferably, after treatment, tumor growth rate is reduced by at least 5% relative to number prior to treatment; more preferably, tumor growth rate is reduced by at least 10%; more preferably, reduced by at least 20%; more preferably, reduced by at least 30%; more preferably, reduced by at least 40%; more preferably, reduced by at least 50%; even more preferably, reduced by at least 50%; and most preferably, reduced by at least 75%. Tumor growth rate may be measured by any reproducible means of measurement. Tumor growth rate can be measured according to a change in tumor diameter per unit time.

Treating cancer can result in a decrease in tumor regrowth. Preferably, after treatment, tumor regrowth is less than 5%; more preferably, tumor regrowth is less than 10%; more preferably, less than 20%; more preferably, less than 30%; more preferably, less than 40%; more preferably, less than 50%; even more preferably, less than 50%; and most preferably, less than 75%. Tumor regrowth may be measured by any reproducible means of measurement. Tumor regrowth is measured, for example, by measuring an increase in the diameter of a tumor after a prior tumor shrinkage that followed treatment. A decrease in tumor regrowth is indicated by failure of tumors to reoccur after treatment has stopped.

Treating or preventing a cell proliferative disorder can result in a reduction in the rate of cellular proliferation. Preferably, after treatment, the rate of cellular proliferation is reduced by at least 5%; more preferably, by at least 10%; more preferably, by at least 20%; more preferably, by at least 30%; more preferably, by at least 40%; more preferably, by at least 50%; even more preferably, by at least 50%; and most preferably, by at least 75%. The rate of cellular proliferation may be measured by any reproducible means of measurement. The rate of cellular proliferation is measured, for example, by measuring the number of dividing cells in a tissue sample per unit time.

Treating or preventing a cell proliferative disorder can result in a reduction in the proportion of proliferating cells. Preferably, after treatment, the proportion of proliferating cells is reduced by at least 5%; more preferably, by at least 10%; more preferably, by at least 20%; more preferably, by at least 30%; more preferably, by at least 40%; more preferably, by at least 50%; even more preferably, by at least 50%; and most preferably, by at least 75%. The proportion of proliferating cells may be measured by any reproducible means of measurement. Preferably, the proportion of proliferating cells is measured, for example, by quantifying the number of dividing cells relative to the number of nondividing cells in a tissue sample. The proportion of proliferating cells can be equivalent to the mitotic index.

Treating or preventing a cell proliferative disorder can result in a decrease in size of an area or zone of cellular proliferation. Preferably, after treatment, size of an area or zone of cellular proliferation is reduced by at least 5% relative to its size prior to treatment; more preferably, reduced by at least 10%; more preferably, reduced by at least 20%; more preferably, reduced by at least 30%; more preferably, reduced by at least 40%; more preferably, reduced by at least 50%; even more preferably, reduced by at least 50%; and most preferably, reduced by at least 75%. Size of an area or zone of cellular proliferation may be measured by any reproducible means of measurement. The size of an area or zone of cellular proliferation may be measured as a diameter or width of an area or zone of cellular proliferation.

Treating or preventing a cell proliferative disorder can result in a decrease in the number or proportion of cells having an abnormal appearance or morphology. Preferably, after treatment, the number of cells having an abnormal morphology is reduced by at least 5% relative to its size prior to treatment; more preferably, reduced by at least 10%; more preferably, reduced by at least 20%; more preferably, reduced by at least 30%; more preferably, reduced by at least 40%; more preferably, reduced by at least 50%; even more preferably, reduced by at least 50%; and most preferably, reduced by at least 75%. An abnormal cellular appearance or morphology may be measured by any reproducible means of measurement. An abnormal cellular morphology can be measured by microscopy, e.g., using an inverted tissue culture microscope. An abnormal cellular morphology can take the form of nuclear pleiomorphism.

As used herein, the term “selectively” means tending to occur at a higher frequency in one population than in another population. The compared populations can be cell populations. Preferably, a compound of the present invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug, metabolite, analog or derivative thereof, acts selectively on a cancer or precancerous cell but not on a normal cell. Preferably, a compound of the present invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug, metabolite, analog or derivative thereof, acts selectively to modulate one molecular target (e.g., a target kinase) but does not significantly modulate another molecular target (e.g., a non-target kinase). The invention also provides a method for selectively inhibiting the activity of an enzyme, such as a kinase. Preferably, an event occurs selectively in population A relative to population B if it occurs greater than two times more frequently in population A as compared to population B. An event occurs selectively if it occurs greater than five times more frequently in population A. An event occurs selectively if it occurs greater than ten times more frequently in population A; more preferably, greater than fifty times; even more preferably, greater than 100 times; and most preferably, greater than 1000 times more frequently in population A as compared to population B. For example, cell death would be said to occur selectively in cancer cells if it occurred greater than twice as frequently in cancer cells as compared to normal cells.

A compound of the present invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug, metabolite, analog or derivative thereof, can modulate the activity of a molecular target (e.g., a target kinase). Modulating refers to stimulating or inhibiting an activity of a molecular target. Preferably, a compound of the present invention modulates the activity of a molecular target if it stimulates or inhibits the activity of the molecular target by at least 2-fold relative to the activity of the molecular target under the same conditions but lacking only the presence of said compound. More preferably, a compound of the present invention modulates the activity of a molecular target if it stimulates or inhibits the activity of the molecular target by at least 5-fold, at least 10-fold, at least 20-fold, at least 50-fold, at least 100-fold relative to the activity of the molecular target under the same conditions but lacking only the presence of said compound. The activity of a molecular target may be measured by any reproducible means. The activity of a molecular target may be measured in vitro or in vivo. For example, the activity of a molecular target may be measured in vitro by an enzymatic activity assay or a DNA binding assay, or the activity of a molecular target may be measured in vivo by assaying for expression of a reporter gene.

A compound of the present invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug, metabolite, analog or derivative thereof, does not significantly modulate the activity of a molecular target if the addition of the compound does not stimulate or inhibit the activity of the molecular target by greater than 10% relative to the activity of the molecular target under the same conditions but lacking only the presence of said compound.

As used herein, the term “isozyme selective” means preferential inhibition or stimulation of a first isoform of an enzyme in comparison to a second isoform of an enzyme (e.g., preferential inhibition or stimulation of a kinase isozyme alpha in comparison to a kinase isozyme beta). Preferably, a compound of the present invention demonstrates a minimum of a four fold differential, preferably a ten fold differential, more preferably a fifty fold differential, in the dosage required to achieve a biological effect. Preferably, a compound of the present invention demonstrates this differential across the range of inhibition, and the differential is exemplified at the IC₅₀, i.e., a 50% inhibition, for a molecular target of interest.

Administering a compound of the present invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug, metabolite, analog or derivative thereof, to a cell or a subject in need thereof can result in modulation (i.e., stimulation or inhibition) of an activity of a kinase of interest.

The present invention provides methods to assess biological activity of the compounds of Formula I-IV. In one method, an assay based on enzymatic activity can be utilized. In one specific enzymatic activity assay, the enzymatic activity is from a kinase. As used herein, “kinase” refers to a large class of enzymes which catalyze the transfer of the γ-phosphate from ATP to the hydroxyl group on the side chain of Ser/Thr or Tyr in proteins and peptides and are intimately involved in the control of various important cell functions, perhaps most notably: signal transduction, differentiation, and proliferation. There are estimated to be about 2,000 distinct protein kinases in the human body, and although each of these phosphorylate particular protein/peptide substrates, they all bind the same second substrate ATP in a highly conserved pocket. About 50% of the known oncogene products are protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs), and their kinase activity has been shown to lead to cell transformation. Preferably, the kinase assayed is a tyrosine kinase.

A change in enzymatic activity caused by compounds of the present invention can be measured in the disclosed assays. The change in enzymatic activity can be characterized by the change in the extent of phosphorylation of certain substrates. As used herein, “phosphorylation” refers to the addition of phosphate groups to a substrate, including proteins and organic molecules; and, plays an important role in regulating the biological activities of proteins. Preferably, the phosphorylation assayed and measured involves the addition of phosphate groups to tyrosine residues. The substrate can be a peptide or protein.

In some assays, immunological reagents, e.g., antibodies and antigens, are employed. Fluorescence can be utilized in the measurement of enzymatic activity in some assays. As used herein, “fluorescence” refers to a process through which a molecule emits a photon as a result of absorbing an incoming photon of higher energy by the same molecule. Specific methods for assessing the biological activity of the disclosed compounds are described in the examples.

As used herein, an activity of c-Met refers to any biological function or activity that is carried out by c-Met. For example, a function of c-Met includes phosphorylation of downstream target proteins. Other functions of c-Met include autophosphorylation, binding of adaptor proteins such as Gab-1, Grb-2, Shc, SHP2 and c-Cb1, and activation of signal transducers such as Ras, Src, PI3K, PLC-γ, STATs, ERK1 and 2 and FAK.

Administering a compound of the present invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug, metabolite, analog or derivative thereof, to a cell or a subject in need thereof results in modulation (i.e., stimulation or inhibition) of an activity of an intracellular target (e.g., substrate). Several intracellular targets can be modulated with the compounds of the present invention, including, but not limited to, adaptor proteins such as Gab-1, Grb-2, Shc, SHP2 and c-Cb1, and signal transducers such as Ras, Src, PI3K, PLC-γ, STATs, ERK1 and 2 and FAK.

Activating refers to placing a composition of matter (e.g., protein or nucleic acid) in a state suitable for carrying out a desired biological function. A composition of matter capable of being activated also has an unactivated state. An activated composition of matter may have an inhibitory or stimulatory biological function, or both.

Elevation refers to an increase in a desired biological activity of a composition of matter (e.g., a protein or a nucleic acid). Elevation may occur through an increase in concentration of a composition of matter.

As used herein, “a cell cycle checkpoint pathway” refers to a biochemical pathway that is involved in modulation of a cell cycle checkpoint. A cell cycle checkpoint pathway may have stimulatory or inhibitory effects, or both, on one or more functions comprising a cell cycle checkpoint. A cell cycle checkpoint pathway is comprised of at least two compositions of matter, preferably proteins, both of which contribute to modulation of a cell cycle checkpoint. A cell cycle checkpoint pathway may be activated through an activation of one or more members of the cell cycle checkpoint pathway. Preferably, a cell cycle checkpoint pathway is a biochemical signaling pathway.

As used herein, “cell cycle checkpoint regulator” refers to a composition of matter that can function, at least in part, in modulation of a cell cycle checkpoint. A cell cycle checkpoint regulator may have stimulatory or inhibitory effects, or both, on one or more functions comprising a cell cycle checkpoint. A cell cycle checkpoint regulator can be a protein or not a protein.

Treating cancer or a cell proliferative disorder can result in cell death, and preferably, cell death results in a decrease of at least 10% in number of cells in a population. More preferably, cell death means a decrease of at least 20%; more preferably, a decrease of at least 30%; more preferably, a decrease of at least 40%; more preferably, a decrease of at least 50%; most preferably, a decrease of at least 75%. Number of cells in a population may be measured by any reproducible means. A number of cells in a population can be measured by fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS), immunofluorescence microscopy and light microscopy. Methods of measuring cell death are as shown in Li et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 100(5): 2674-8, 2003. In an aspect, cell death occurs by apoptosis.

Preferably, an effective amount of a compound of the present invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug, metabolite, analog or derivative thereof is not significantly cytotoxic to normal cells. A therapeutically effective amount of a compound is not significantly cytotoxic to normal cells if administration of the compound in a therapeutically effective amount does not induce cell death in greater than 10% of normal cells. A therapeutically effective amount of a compound does not significantly affect the viability of normal cells if administration of the compound in a therapeutically effective amount does not induce cell death in greater than 10% of normal cells. In an aspect, cell death occurs by apoptosis.

Contacting a cell with a compound of the present invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug, metabolite, analog or derivative thereof, can induce or activate cell death selectively in cancer cells. Administering to a subject in need thereof a compound of the present invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug, metabolite, analog or derivative thereof, can induce or activate cell death selectively in cancer cells. Contacting a cell with a compound of the present invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug, metabolite, analog or derivative thereof, can induce cell death selectively in one or more cells affected by a cell proliferative disorder. Preferably, administering to a subject in need thereof a compound of the present invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug, metabolite, analog or derivative thereof, induces cell death selectively in one or more cells affected by a cell proliferative disorder.

The present invention relates to a method of treating or preventing cancer by administering a compound of the present invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug, metabolite, analog or derivative thereof to a subject in need thereof, where administration of the compound of the present invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug, metabolite, analog or derivative thereof results in one or more of the following: accumulation of cells in G1 and/or S phase of the cell cycle, cytotoxicity via cell death in cancer cells without a significant amount of cell death in normal cells, antitumor activity in animals with a therapeutic index of at least 2, and activation of a cell cycle checkpoint. As used herein, “therapeutic index” is the maximum tolerated dose divided by the efficacious dose.

One skilled in the art may refer to general reference texts for detailed descriptions of known techniques discussed herein or equivalent techniques. These texts include Ausubel et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley and Sons, Inc. (2005); Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual (3^(rd) edition), Cold Spring Harbor Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (2000); Coligan et al., Current Protocols in Immunology, John Wiley & Sons, N.Y.; Enna et al., Current Protocols in Pharmacology, John Wiley & Sons, N.Y.; Fingl et al., The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics (1975), Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa., 18^(th) edition (1990). These texts can, of course, also be referred to in making or using an aspect of the invention

As used herein, “combination therapy” or “co-therapy” includes the administration of a compound of the present invention and at least a second agent as part of a specific treatment regimen intended to provide the beneficial effect from the co-action of these therapeutic agents. The beneficial effect of the combination includes, but is not limited to, pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic co-action resulting from the combination of therapeutic agents. Administration of these therapeutic agents in combination typically is carried out over a defined time period (usually minutes, hours, days or weeks depending upon the combination selected). “Combination therapy” may be, but generally is not, intended to encompass the administration of two or more of these therapeutic agents as part of separate monotherapy regimens that incidentally and arbitrarily result in the combinations of the present invention.

“Combination therapy” is intended to embrace administration of these therapeutic agents in a sequential manner, wherein each therapeutic agent is administered at a different time, as well as administration of these therapeutic agents, or at least two of the therapeutic agents, in a substantially simultaneous manner. Substantially simultaneous administration can be accomplished, for example, by administering to the subject a single capsule having a fixed ratio of each therapeutic agent or in multiple, single capsules for each of the therapeutic agents. Sequential or substantially simultaneous administration of each therapeutic agent can be effected by any appropriate route including, but not limited to, oral routes, intravenous routes, intramuscular routes, and direct absorption through mucous membrane tissues. The therapeutic agents can be administered by the same route or by different routes. For example, a first therapeutic agent of the combination selected may be administered by intravenous injection while the other therapeutic agents of the combination may be administered orally. Alternatively, for example, all therapeutic agents may be administered orally or all therapeutic agents may be administered by intravenous injection. The sequence in which the therapeutic agents are administered is not narrowly critical.

“Combination therapy” also embraces the administration of the therapeutic agents as described above in further combination with other biologically active ingredients and non-drug therapies (e.g., surgery or radiation treatment). Where the combination therapy further comprises a non-drug treatment, the non-drug treatment may be conducted at any suitable time so long as a beneficial effect from the co-action of the combination of the therapeutic agents and non-drug treatment is achieved. For example, in appropriate cases, the beneficial effect is still achieved when the non-drug treatment is temporally removed from the administration of the therapeutic agents, perhaps by days or even weeks.

A compound of the present invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug, metabolite, analog or derivative thereof, may be administered in combination with a second chemotherapeutic agent. The second chemotherapeutic agent (also referred to as an anti-neoplastic agent or anti-proliferative agent) can be an alkylating agent; an antibiotic; an anti-metabolite; a detoxifying agent; an interferon; a polyclonal or monoclonal antibody; an EGFR inhibitor; a HER2 inhibitor; a histone deacetylase inhibitor; a hormone; a mitotic inhibitor, an MTOR inhibitor; a multi-kinase inhibitor, a serine/threonine kinase inhibitor; a tyrosine kinase inhibitors; a VEGF/VEGFR inhibitor; a taxane or taxane derivative, an aromatase inhibitor, an anthracycline, a microtubule targeting drug, a topoisomerase poison drug, an inhibitor of a molecular target or enzyme (e.g., a kinase inhibitor), a cytidine analogue drug or any chemotherapeutic, anti-neoplastic or anti-proliferative agent listed in www.cancer.org/docroot/cdg/cdg_(—)0.asp.

Exemplary alkylating agents include, but are not limited to, cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan; Neosar); chlorambucil (Leukeran); melphalan (Alkeran); carmustine (BiCNU); busulfan (Busulfex); lomustine (CeeNU); dacarbazine (DTIC-Dome); oxaliplatin (Eloxatin); carmustine (Gliadel); ifosfamide (Ifex); mechlorethamine (Mustargen); busulfan (Myleran); carboplatin (Paraplatin); cisplatin (CDDP; Platinol); temozolomide (Temodar); thiotepa (Thioplex); bendamustine (Treanda); or streptozocin (Zanosar).

Exemplary antibiotics include, but are not limited to, doxorubicin (Adriamycin); doxorubicin liposomal (Doxil); mitoxantrone (Novantrone); bleomycin (Blenoxane); daunorubicin (Cerubidine); daunorubicin liposomal (DaunoXome); dactinomycin (Cosmegen); epirubicin (Ellence); idarubicin (Idamycin); plicamycin (Mithracin); mitomycin (Mutamycin); pentostatin (Nipent); or valrubicin (Valstar).

Exemplary anti-metabolites include, but are not limited to, fluorouracil (Adrucil); capecitabine (Xeloda); hydroxyurea (Hydrea); mercaptopurine (Purinethol); pemetrexed (Alimta); fludarabine (Fludara); nelarabine (Arranon); cladribine (Cladribine Novaplus); clofarabine (Clolar); cytarabine (Cytosar-U); decitabine (Dacogen); cytarabine liposomal (DepoCyt); hydroxyurea (Droxia); pralatrexate (Folotyn); floxuridine (FUDR); gemcitabine (Gemzar); cladribine (Leustatin); fludarabine (Oforta); methotrexate (MTX; Rheumatrex); methotrexate (Trexall); thioguanine (Tabloid); TS-1 or cytarabine (Tarabine PFS).

Exemplary detoxifying agents include, but are not limited to, amifostine (Ethyol) or mesna (Mesnex).

Exemplary interferons include, but are not limited to, interferon alfa-2b (Intron A) or interferon alfa-2a (Roferon-A).

Exemplary polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies include, but are not limited to, trastuzumab (Herceptin); ofatumumab (Arzerra); bevacizumab (Avastin); rituximab (Rituxan); cetuximab (Erbitux); panitumumab (Vectibix); tositumomab/iodine¹³¹ tositumomab (Bexxar); alemtuzumab (Campath); ibritumomab (Zevalin; In-111; Y-90 Zevalin); gemtuzumab (Mylotarg); eculizumab (Soliris) ordenosumab.

Exemplary EGFR inhibitors include, but are not limited to, gefitinib (Iressa); lapatinib (Tykerb); cetuximab (Erbitux); erlotinib (Tarceva); panitumumab (Vectibix); PKI-166; canertinib (CI-1033); matuzumab (Emd7200) or EKB-569.

Exemplary HER2 inhibitors include, but are not limited to, trastuzumab (Herceptin); lapatinib (Tykerb) or AC-480.

Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors include, but are not limited to, vorinostat (Zolinza).

Exemplary hormones include, but are not limited to, tamoxifen (Soltamox; Nolvadex); raloxifene (Evista); megestrol (Megace); leuprolide (Lupron; Lupron Depot; Eligard; Viadur); fulvestrant (Faslodex); letrozole (Femara); triptorelin (Trelstar LA; Trelstar Depot); exemestane (Aromasin); goserelin (Zoladex); bicalutamide (Casodex); anastrozole (Arimidex); fluoxymesterone (Androxy; Halotestin); medroxyprogesterone (Provera; Depo-Provera); estramustine (Emcyt); flutamide (Eulexin); toremifene (Fareston); degarelix (Firmagon); nilutamide (Nilandron); abarelix (Plenaxis); or testolactone (Teslac).

Exemplary mitotic inhibitors include, but are not limited to, paclitaxel (Taxol; Onxol; Abraxane); docetaxel (Taxotere); vincristine (Oncovin; Vincasar PFS); vinblastine (Velban); etoposide (Toposar; Etopophos; VePesid); teniposide (Vumon); ixabepilone (Ixempra); nocodazole; epothilone; vinorelbine (Navelbine); camptothecin (CPT); irinotecan (Camptosar); topotecan (Hycamtin); amsacrine or lamellarin D (LAM-D).

Exemplary MTOR inhibitors include, but are not limited to, everolimus (Afinitor) or temsirolimus (Torisel); rapamune, ridaforolimus; or AP23573.

Exemplary multi-kinase inhibitors include, but are not limited to, sorafenib (Nexavar); sunitinib (Sutent); BIBW 2992; E7080; Zd6474; PKC-412; motesanib; or AP24534.

Exemplary serine/threonine kinase inhibitors include, but are not limited to, ruboxistaurin; eril/easudil hydrochloride; flavopiridol; seliciclib (CYC202; Roscovitrine); SNS-032 (BMS-387032); Pkc412; bryostatin; KAI-9803; SF1126; VX-680; Azd1152; Arry-142886 (AZD-6244); SCIO-469; GW681323; CC-401; CEP-1347 or PD 332991.

Exemplary tyrosine kinase inhibitors include, but are not limited to, erlotinib (Tarceva); gefitinib (Iressa); imatinib (Gleevec); sorafenib (Nexavar); sunitinib (Sutent); trastuzumab (Herceptin); bevacizumab (Avastin); rituximab (Rituxan); lapatinib (Tykerb); cetuximab (Erbitux); panitumumab (Vectibix); everolimus (Afinitor); alemtuzumab (Campath); gemtuzumab (Mylotarg); temsirolimus (Torisel); pazopanib (Votrient); dasatinib (Sprycel); nilotinib (Tasigna); vatalanib (Ptk787; ZK222584); CEP-701; SU5614; MLN518; XL999; VX-322; Azd0530; BMS-354825; SKI-606 CP-690; AG-490; WHI-P154; WHI-P131; AC-220; or AMG888.

Exemplary VEGF/VEGFR inhibitors include, but are not limited to, bevacizumab (Avastin); sorafenib (Nexavar); sunitinib (Sutent); ranibizumab; pegaptanib; or vandetinib.

Exemplary microtubule targeting drugs include, but are not limited to, paclitaxel, docetaxel, vincristin, vinblastin, nocodazole, epothilones and navelbine.

Exemplary topoisomerase poison drugs include, but are not limited to, teniposide, etoposide, adriamycin, camptothecin, daunorubicin, dactinomycin, mitoxantrone, amsacrine, epirubicin and idarubicin.

Exemplary taxanes or taxane derivatives include, but are not limited to, paclitaxel and docetaxol.

Exemplary general chemotherapeutic, anti-neoplastic, anti proliferative agents include, but are not limited to, altretamine (Hexylen); isotretinoin (Accutane; Amnesteem; Claravis; Sotret); tretinoin (Vesanoid); azacitidine (Vidaza); bortezomib (Velcade) asparaginase (Elspar); levamisole (Ergamisol); mitotane (Lysodren); procarbazine (Matulane); pegaspargase (Oncaspar); denileukin diftitox (Ontak); porfimer (Photofrin); aldesleukin (Proleukin); lenalidomide (Revlimid); bexarotene (Targretin); thalidomide (Thalomid); temsirolimus (Torisel); arsenic trioxide (Trisenox); verteporfin (Visudyne); mimosine (Leucenol); (1M tegafur—0.4 M 5-chloro-2,4-dihydroxypyrimidine—1 M potassium oxonate) or lovastatin.

In another aspect, the second chemotherapeutic agent can be a cytokine such as G-CSF (granulocyte colony stimulating factor). In another aspect, a compound of the present invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug, metabolite, analog or derivative thereof, may be administered in combination with radiation therapy. Radiation therapy can also be administered in combination with a compound of the present invention and another chemotherapeutic agent described herein as part of a multiple agent therapy. In yet another aspect, a compound of the present invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug, metabolite, analog or derivative thereof, may be administered in combination with standard chemotherapy combinations such as, but not restricted to, CMF (cyclophosphamide, methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil), CAF (cyclophosphamide, adriamycin and 5-fluorouracil), AC (adriamycin and cyclophosphamide), FEC (5-fluorouracil, epirubicin, and cyclophosphamide), ACT or ATC (adriamycin, cyclophosphamide, and paclitaxel), rituximab, Xeloda (capecitabine), Cisplatin (CDDP), Carboplatin, TS-1 (tegafur, gimestat and otastat potassium at a molar ratio of 1:0.4:1), Camptothecin-11 (CPT-11, Irinotecan or Camptosar™) or CMFP (cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, 5-fluorouracil and prednisone).

In preferred embodiments, a compound of the present invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug, metabolite, polymorph or solvate thereof, may be administered with an inhibitor of an enzyme, such as a receptor or non-receptor kinase. Receptor and non-receptor kinases of the invention are, for example, tyrosine kinases or serine/threonine kinases. Kinase inhibitors of the invention are small molecules, polynucleic acids, polypeptides, or antibodies.

Exemplary kinase inhibitors include, but are not limited to, Bevacizumab (targets VEGF), BIBW 2992 (targets EGFR and Erb2), Cetuximab/Erbitux (targets Erb1), Imatinib/Gleevic (targets Bcr-Abl), Trastuzumab (targets Erb2), Gefitinib/Iressa (targets EGFR), Ranibizumab (targets VEGF), Pegaptanib (targets VEGF), Erlotinib/Tarceva (targets Erb1), Nilotinib (targets Bcr-Abl), Lapatinib (targets Erb1 and Erb2/Her2), GW-572016/lapatinib ditosylate (targets HER2/Erb2), Panitumumab/Vectibix (targets EGFR), Vandetinib (targets RET/VEGFR), E7080 (multiple targets including RET and VEGFR), Herceptin (targets HER2/Erb2), PKI-166 (targets EGFR), Canertinib/CI-1033 (targets EGFR), Sunitinib/SU-11464/Sutent (targets EGFR and FLT3), Matuzumab/Emd7200 (targets EGFR), EKB-569 (targets EGFR), Zd6474 (targets EGFR and VEGFR), PKC-412 (targets VEGR and FLT3), Vatalanib/Ptk787/ZK222584 (targets VEGR), CEP-701 (targets FLT3), SU5614 (targets FLT3), MLN518 (targets FLT3), XL999 (targets FLT3), VX-322 (targets FLT3), Azd0530 (targets SRC), BMS-354825 (targets SRC), SKI-606 (targets SRC), CP-690 (targets JAK), AG-490 (targets JAK), WHI-P154 (targets JAK), WHI-P131 (targets JAK), sorafenib/Nexavar (targets RAF kinase, VEGFR-1, VEGFR-2, VEGFR-3, PDGFR-β, KIT, FLT-3, and RET), Dasatinib/Sprycel (BCR/ABL and Src), AC-220 (targets Flt3), AC-480 (targets all HER proteins, “panHER”), Motesanib diphosphate (targets VEGF1-3, PDGFR, and c-kit), Denosumab (targets RANKL, inhibits SRC), AMG888 (targets HER3), and AP24534 (multiple targets including Flt3).

Exemplary serine/threonine kinase inhibitors include, but are not limited to, Rapamune (targets mTOR/FRAP1), Deforolimus (targets mTOR), Certican/Everolimus (targets mTOR/FRAP1), AP23573 (targets mTOR/FRAP1), Eril/Fasudil hydrochloride (targets RHO), Flavopiridol (targets CDK), Seliciclib/CYC202/Roscovitrine (targets CDK), SNS-032/BMS-387032 (targets CDK), Ruboxistaurin (targets PKC), Pkc412 (targets PKC), Bryostatin (targets PKC), KAI-9803 (targets PKC), SF1126 (targets PI3K), VX-680 (targets Aurora kinase), Azd1152 (targets Aurora kinase), Arry-142886/AZD-6244 (targets MAP/MEK), SCIO-469 (targets MAP/MEK), GW681323 (targets MAP/MEK), CC-401 (targets JNK), CEP-1347 (targets JNK), and PD 332991 (targets CDK).

4. Pharmaceutical Compositions

The present invention also provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising a compound of Formula I-IV in combination with at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient or carrier.

A “pharmaceutical composition” is a formulation containing the compounds of the present invention in a form suitable for administration to a subject. In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition is in bulk or in unit dosage form. The unit dosage form is any of a variety of forms, including, for example, a capsule, an IV bag, a tablet, a single pump on an aerosol inhaler or a vial. The quantity of active ingredient (e.g., a formulation of the disclosed compound or salt, hydrate, solvate or isomer thereof) in a unit dose of composition is an effective amount and is varied according to the particular treatment involved. One skilled in the art will appreciate that it is sometimes necessary to make routine variations to the dosage depending on the age and condition of the patient. The dosage will also depend on the route of administration. A variety of routes are contemplated, including oral, pulmonary, rectal, parenteral, transdermal, subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, inhalational, buccal, sublingual, intrapleural, intrathecal, intranasal, and the like. Dosage forms for the topical or transdermal administration of a compound of this invention include powders, sprays, ointments, pastes, creams, lotions, gels, solutions, patches and inhalants. In one embodiment, the active compound is mixed under sterile conditions with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, and with any preservatives, buffers or propellants that are required.

As used herein, the phrase “pharmaceutically acceptable” refers to those compounds, materials, compositions, carriers, and/or dosage forms which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of human beings and animals without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, or other problem or complication, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio.

“Pharmaceutically acceptable excipient” means an excipient that is useful in preparing a pharmaceutical composition that is generally safe, non-toxic and neither biologically nor otherwise undesirable, and includes excipient that is acceptable for veterinary use as well as human pharmaceutical use. A “pharmaceutically acceptable excipient” as used in the specification and claims includes both one and more than one such excipient.

A pharmaceutical composition of the invention is formulated to be compatible with its intended route of administration. Examples of routes of administration include parenteral, e.g., intravenous, intradermal, subcutaneous, oral (e.g., inhalation), transdermal (topical), and transmucosal administration. Solutions or suspensions used for parenteral, intradermal, or subcutaneous application can include the following components: a sterile diluent such as water for injection, saline solution, fixed oils, polyethylene glycols, glycerine, propylene glycol or other synthetic solvents; antibacterial agents such as benzyl alcohol or methyl parabens; antioxidants such as ascorbic acid or sodium bisulfite; chelating agents such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid; buffers such as acetates, citrates or phosphates, and agents for the adjustment of tonicity such as sodium chloride or dextrose. The pH can be adjusted with acids or bases, such as hydrochloric acid or sodium hydroxide. The parenteral preparation can be enclosed in ampoules, disposable syringes or multiple dose vials made of glass or plastic.

A compound or pharmaceutical composition of the invention can be administered to a subject in many of the well-known methods currently used for chemotherapeutic treatment. For example, for treatment of cancers, a compound of the invention may be injected directly into tumors, injected into the blood stream or body cavities or taken orally or applied through the skin with patches. The dose chosen should be sufficient to constitute effective treatment but not so high as to cause unacceptable side effects. The state of the disease condition (e.g., cancer, precancer, and the like) and the health of the patient should preferably be closely monitored during and for a reasonable period after treatment.

The term “therapeutically effective amount”, as used herein, refers to an amount of a pharmaceutical agent to treat, ameliorate, or prevent an identified disease or condition, or to exhibit a detectable therapeutic or inhibitory effect. The effect can be detected by any assay method known in the art. The precise effective amount for a subject will depend upon the subject's body weight, size, and health; the nature and extent of the condition; and the therapeutic or combination of therapeutics selected for administration. Therapeutically effective amounts for a given situation can be determined by routine experimentation that is within the skill and judgment of the clinician. In a preferred aspect, the disease or condition to be treated is cancer. In another aspect, the disease or condition to be treated is a cell proliferative disorder.

For any compound, the therapeutically effective amount can be estimated initially either in cell culture assays, e.g., of neoplastic cells, or in animal models, usually rats, mice, rabbits, dogs, or pigs. The animal model may also be used to determine the appropriate concentration range and route of administration. Such information can then be used to determine useful doses and routes for administration in humans. Therapeutic/prophylactic efficacy and toxicity may be determined by standard pharmaceutical procedures in cell cultures or experimental animals, e.g., ED₅₀ (the dose therapeutically effective in 50% of the population) and LD₅₀ (the dose lethal to 50% of the population). The dose ratio between toxic and therapeutic effects is the therapeutic index, and it can be expressed as the ratio, LD₅₀/ED₅₀. Pharmaceutical compositions that exhibit large therapeutic indices are preferred. The dosage may vary within this range depending upon the dosage form employed, sensitivity of the patient, and the route of administration.

Dosage and administration are adjusted to provide sufficient levels of the active agent(s) or to maintain the desired effect. Factors which may be taken into account include the severity of the disease state, general health of the subject, age, weight, and gender of the subject, diet, time and frequency of administration, drug combination(s), reaction sensitivities, and tolerance/response to therapy. Long-acting pharmaceutical compositions may be administered every 3 to 4 days, every week, or once every two weeks depending on half-life and clearance rate of the particular formulation.

The pharmaceutical compositions containing active compounds of the present invention may be manufactured in a manner that is generally known, e.g., by means of conventional mixing, dissolving, granulating, dragee-making, levigating, emulsifying, encapsulating, entrapping, or lyophilizing processes. Pharmaceutical compositions may be formulated in a conventional manner using one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers comprising excipients and/or auxiliaries that facilitate processing of the active compounds into preparations that can be used pharmaceutically. Of course, the appropriate formulation is dependent upon the route of administration chosen.

Pharmaceutical compositions suitable for injectable use include sterile aqueous solutions (where water soluble) or dispersions and sterile powders for the extemporaneous preparation of sterile injectable solutions or dispersion. For intravenous administration, suitable carriers include physiological saline, bacteriostatic water, Cremophor EL™ (BASF, Parsippany, N.J.) or phosphate buffered saline (PBS). In all cases, the composition must be sterile and should be fluid to the extent that easy syringeability exists. It must be stable under the conditions of manufacture and storage and must be preserved against the contaminating action of microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi. The carrier can be a solvent or dispersion medium containing, for example, water, ethanol, polyol (for example, glycerol, propylene glycol, and liquid polyethylene glycol, and the like), and suitable mixtures thereof. The proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the use of a coating such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersion and by the use of surfactants. Prevention of the action of microorganisms can be achieved by various antibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, parabens, chlorobutanol, phenol, ascorbic acid, thimerosal, and the like. In many cases, it will be preferable to include isotonic agents, for example, sugars, polyalcohols such as manitol, sorbitol, sodium chloride in the composition. Prolonged absorption of the injectable compositions can be brought about by including in the composition an agent which delays absorption, for example, aluminum monostearate and gelatin.

Sterile injectable solutions can be prepared by incorporating the active compound in the required amount in an appropriate solvent with one or a combination of ingredients enumerated above, as required, followed by filtered sterilization. Generally, dispersions are prepared by incorporating the active compound into a sterile vehicle that contains a basic dispersion medium and the required other ingredients from those enumerated above. In the case of sterile powders for the preparation of sterile injectable solutions, methods of preparation are vacuum drying and freeze-drying that yields a powder of the active ingredient plus any additional desired ingredient from a previously sterile-filtered solution thereof.

Oral compositions generally include an inert diluent or an edible pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. They can be enclosed in gelatin capsules or compressed into tablets. For the purpose of oral therapeutic administration, the active compound can be incorporated with excipients and used in the form of tablets, troches, or capsules. Oral compositions can also be prepared using a fluid carrier for use as a mouthwash, wherein the compound in the fluid carrier is applied orally and swished and expectorated or swallowed. Pharmaceutically compatible binding agents, and/or adjuvant materials can be included as part of the composition. The tablets, pills, capsules, troches and the like can contain any of the following ingredients, or compounds of a similar nature: a binder such as microcrystalline cellulose, gum tragacanth or gelatin; an excipient such as starch or lactose, a disintegrating agent such as alginic acid, Primogel, or corn starch; a lubricant such as magnesium stearate or Sterotes; a glidant such as colloidal silicon dioxide; a sweetening agent such as sucrose or saccharin; or a flavoring agent such as peppermint, methyl salicylate, or orange flavoring.

For administration by inhalation, the compounds are delivered in the form of an aerosol spray from pressured container or dispenser, which contains a suitable propellant, e.g., a gas such as carbon dioxide, or a nebulizer.

Systemic administration can also be by transmucosal or transdermal means. For transmucosal or transdermal administration, penetrants appropriate to the barrier to be permeated are used in the formulation. Such penetrants are generally known in the art, and include, for example, for transmucosal administration, detergents, bile salts, and fusidic acid derivatives. Transmucosal administration can be accomplished through the use of nasal sprays or suppositories. For transdermal administration, the active compounds are formulated into ointments, salves, gels, or creams as generally known in the art.

The active compounds can be prepared with pharmaceutically acceptable carriers that will protect the compound against rapid elimination from the body, such as a controlled release formulation, including implants and microencapsulated delivery systems. Biodegradable, biocompatible polymers can be used, such as ethylene vinyl acetate, polyanhydrides, polyglycolic acid, collagen, polyorthoesters, and polylactic acid. Methods for preparation of such formulations will be apparent to those skilled in the art. The materials can also be obtained commercially from Alza Corporation and Nova Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Liposomal suspensions (including liposomes targeted to infected cells with monoclonal antibodies to viral antigens) can also be used as pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. These can be prepared according to methods known to those skilled in the art, for example, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,522,811.

It is especially advantageous to formulate oral or parenteral compositions in dosage unit form for ease of administration and uniformity of dosage. Dosage unit form as used herein refers to physically discrete units suited as unitary dosages for the subject to be treated; each unit containing a predetermined quantity of active compound calculated to produce the desired therapeutic effect in association with the required pharmaceutical carrier. The specification for the dosage unit forms of the invention are dictated by and directly dependent on the unique characteristics of the active compound and the particular therapeutic effect to be achieved.

In therapeutic applications, the dosages of the pharmaceutical compositions used in accordance with the invention vary depending on the agent, the age, weight, and clinical condition of the recipient patient, and the experience and judgment of the clinician or practitioner administering the therapy, among other factors affecting the selected dosage. Generally, the dose should be sufficient to result in slowing, and preferably regressing, the growth of the tumors and also preferably causing complete regression of the cancer. Dosages can range from about 0.01 mg/kg per day to about 5000 mg/kg per day. In preferred aspects, dosages can range from about 1 mg/kg per day to about 1000 mg/kg per day. In an aspect, the dose will be in the range of about 0.1 mg/day to about 50 g/day; about 0.1 mg/day to about 25 g/day; about 0.1 mg/day to about 10 g/day; about 0.1 mg to about 3 g/day; or about 0.1 mg to about 1 g/day, in single, divided, or continuous doses (which dose may be adjusted for the patient's weight in kg, body surface area in m², and age in years). An effective amount of a pharmaceutical agent is that which provides an objectively identifiable improvement as noted by the clinician or other qualified observer. For example, regression of a tumor in a patient may be measured with reference to the diameter of a tumor. Decrease in the diameter of a tumor indicates regression. Regression is also indicated by failure of tumors to reoccur after treatment has stopped. As used herein, the term “dosage effective manner” refers to amount of an active compound to produce the desired biological effect in a subject or cell.

The pharmaceutical compositions can be included in a container, pack, or dispenser together with instructions for administration.

The compounds of the present invention are capable of further forming salts. All of these forms are also contemplated within the scope of the claimed invention.

As used herein, “pharmaceutically acceptable salts” refer to derivatives of the compounds of the present invention wherein the parent compound is modified by making acid or base salts thereof. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, but are not limited to, mineral or organic acid salts of basic residues such as amines, alkali or organic salts of acidic residues such as carboxylic acids, and the like. The pharmaceutically acceptable salts include the conventional non-toxic salts or the quaternary ammonium salts of the parent compound formed, for example, from non-toxic inorganic or organic acids. For example, such conventional non-toxic salts include, but are not limited to, those derived from inorganic and organic acids selected from 2-acetoxybenzoic, 2-hydroxyethane sulfonic, acetic, ascorbic, benzene sulfonic, benzoic, bicarbonic, carbonic, citric, edetic, ethane disulfonic, 1,2-ethane sulfonic, fumaric, glucoheptonic, gluconic, glutamic, glycolic, glycollyarsanilic, hexylresorcinic, hydrabamic, hydrobromic, hydrochloric, hydroiodic, hydroxymaleic, hydroxynaphthoic, isethionic, lactic, lactobionic, lauryl sulfonic, maleic, malic, mandelic, methane sulfonic, napsylic, nitric, oxalic, pamoic, pantothenic, phenylacetic, phosphoric, polygalacturonic, propionic, salicyclic, stearic, subacetic, succinic, sulfamic, sulfanilic, sulfuric, tannic, tartaric, toluene sulfonic, and the commonly occurring amine acids, e.g., glycine, alanine, phenylalanine, arginine, etc.

Other examples of pharmaceutically acceptable salts include hexanoic acid, cyclopentane propionic acid, pyruvic acid, malonic acid, 3-(4-hydroxybenzoyl)benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, 4-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid, 2-naphthalenesulfonic acid, 4-toluenesulfonic acid, camphorsulfonic acid, 4-methylbicyclo-[2.2.2]-oct-2-ene-1-carboxylic acid, 3-phenylpropionic acid, trimethylacetic acid, tertiary butylacetic acid, muconic acid, and the like. The present invention also encompasses salts formed when an acidic proton present in the parent compound either is replaced by a metal ion, e.g., an alkali metal ion, an alkaline earth ion, or an aluminum ion; or coordinates with an organic base such as ethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, tromethamine, N-methylglucamine, and the like.

It should be understood that all references to pharmaceutically acceptable salts include solvent addition forms (solvates) or crystal forms (polymorphs) as defined herein, of the same salt.

The compounds of the present invention can also be prepared as esters, for example, pharmaceutically acceptable esters. For example, a carboxylic acid function group in a compound can be converted to its corresponding ester, e.g., a methyl, ethyl or other ester. Also, an alcohol group in a compound can be converted to its corresponding ester, e.g., an acetate, propionate or other ester.

The compounds of the present invention can also be prepared as prodrugs, for example, pharmaceutically acceptable prodrugs. The terms “pro-drug” and “prodrug” are used interchangeably herein and refer to any compound which releases an active parent drug in vivo. Since prodrugs are known to enhance numerous desirable qualities of pharmaceuticals (e.g., solubility, bioavailability, manufacturing, etc.), the compounds of the present invention can be delivered in prodrug form. Thus, the present invention is intended to cover prodrugs of the presently claimed compounds, methods of delivering the same and compositions containing the same. “Prodrugs” are intended to include any covalently bonded carriers that release an active parent drug of the present invention in vivo when such prodrug is administered to a subject. Prodrugs in the present invention are prepared by modifying functional groups present in the compound in such a way that the modifications are cleaved, either in routine manipulation or in vivo, to the parent compound. Prodrugs include compounds of the present invention wherein a hydroxy, amino, sulfhydryl, carboxy or carbonyl group is bonded to any group that may be cleaved in vivo to form a free hydroxyl, free amino, free sulfhydryl, free carboxy or free carbonyl group, respectively.

Examples of prodrugs include, but are not limited to, esters (e.g., acetate, dialkylaminoacetates, formates, phosphates, sulfates and benzoate derivatives) and carbamates (e.g., N,N-dimethylaminocarbonyl) of hydroxy functional groups, esters (e.g., ethyl esters, morpholinoethanol esters) of carboxyl functional groups, N-acyl derivatives (e.g., N-acetyl) N-Mannich bases, Schiff bases and enaminones of amino functional groups, oximes, acetals, ketals and enol esters of ketone and aldehyde functional groups in compounds of the invention, and the like, See Bundegaard, H., Design of Prodrugs, p 1-92, Elesevier, N.Y.-Oxford (1985).

The compounds, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters or prodrugs thereof, are administered orally, nasally, transdermally, pulmonary, inhalationally, buccally, sublingually, intraperintoneally, subcutaneously, intramuscularly, intravenously, rectally, intrapleurally, intrathecally and parenterally. In one embodiment, the compound is administered orally. One skilled in the art will recognize the advantages of certain routes of administration.

The dosage regimen utilizing the compounds is selected in accordance with a variety of factors including type, species, age, weight, sex and medical condition of the patient; the severity of the condition to be treated; the route of administration; the renal and hepatic function of the patient; and the particular compound or salt thereof employed. An ordinarily skilled physician or veterinarian can readily determine and prescribe the effective amount of the drug required to prevent, counter or arrest the progress of the condition.

Techniques for formulation and administration of the disclosed compounds of the invention can be found in Remington: the Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 19^(th) edition, Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa. (1995). In an embodiment, the compounds described herein, and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, are used in pharmaceutical preparations in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent. Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include inert solid fillers or diluents and sterile aqueous or organic solutions. The compounds will be present in such pharmaceutical compositions in amounts sufficient to provide the desired dosage amount in the range described herein.

All percentages and ratios used herein, unless otherwise indicated, are by weight. Other features and advantages of the present invention are apparent from the different examples. The provided examples illustrate different components and methodology useful in practicing the present invention. The examples do not limit the claimed invention. Based on the present disclosure the skilled artisan can identify and employ other components and methodology useful for practicing the present invention.

5. Examples

General Procedure A: Compounds of the present invention can be conveniently prepared by the general procedure illustrated below:

Example 1 or Compound 1 (Table 1) Synthesis of 7-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydro-3H-benzo[f]pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinoline

Step 1. Synthesis of (E)-4-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-((dimethylamino)methylene)-3,4-dihydronaphthalen-1(2H)-one. The mixture of 4-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-3,4-dihydronaphthalen-1(2H)-one (10.0 g, 34.5 mmol) in 1,1-dimethoxy-N,N-dimethylmethanamine (80 mL) was heated at 110° C. for 24 hours. The excess 1,1-dimethoxy-N,N-dimethylmethanamine was removed under reduced pressure. The residue was dried on high vacuum to afford the yellowish desired product (11.5 g, 97%). The compound was used in Step-2 without any further purification.

Step 2. Synthesis of 7-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-6,7-dihydro-3H-benzo[f]pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinoline. To the mixture of (E)-4-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-((dimethylamino)methylene)-3,4-dihydronaphthalen-1(2H)-one (0.20 g, 0.58 mmol) and 1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-amine hydrochloride (0.14 g, 0.58 mmol) was added glacial acetic acid (5 mL) and Hunig's Base (0.4 mL). The mixture was heated at 110° C. for 1 hour, then transferred to microwave vial and heated at 220° C. for 90 minutes. The reaction mixture was evaporated and dissolved in dichloromethane (100 mL), washed with water (30 mL), brine (30 mL), dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated to dryness. The crude was purified by flash column chromatography (SiO₂, 10% EtOAc in hexane) to give the pure desired product as a brown solid (0.15 g, 53%). M.p.=76-78° C.; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz) δ 9.53 (d, J=8 Hz, 1H), 8.32 (s, 1H), 8.02 (s, 1H), 7.54 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 1H), 7.45 (t, J=8 Hz, 1H), 7.35-7.26 (m, 4H), 7.06 (d, J=8 Hz, 1H), 6.96 (d, J=8 HZ, 1H), 6.843 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 4.28 (t, J=8 Hz, 1H), 4.17 (s, 2H), 3.77 (s, 3H), 3.29-3.26 (m, 2H); LCMS: 486 [M+1].

Step 3. Synthesis of 7-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydro-3H-benzo[f]pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinoline. To 7-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-6,7-dihydro-3H-benzo[f]pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinoline (0.09 g, 0.19 mmol) was added trifluoroacetic acid (1.5 mL). The reaction was heated in a microwave at 170° C. for 90 minutes. Trifluoroacetic acid was then removed under reduced pressure to give a crude product. The crude product was purified by flash column chromatography (SiO₂, 20% EtOAc in hexane) to give the pure desired product as a pale yellow solid (0.39 g, 57%). M.p.=168-170° C.); ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz) δ 9.56 (d, J=8 Hz, 1H), 8.36 (s, 1H), 8.23 (s, 1H), 7.56 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.48 (t, J=8 Hz, 1H), 7.35-7.26 (m, 2H), 7.08 (d, J=8 Hz, 1H), 6.96 (d, J=8 HZ, 1H), 6.79-6.78 (m, 1H), 4.29 (t, J=8 Hz, 1H), 3.40-3.23 (m, 2H); LCMS [M+H]: 366.

Example 2 or Compound 2 (Table 1) Synthesis of 7-phenyl-6,7-dihydro-3H-benzo[f]pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinoline

The compound 7-phenyl-6,7-dihydro-3H-benzo[f]pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinoline was prepared using 4-phenyl-3,4-dihydronaphthalen-1(2H)-one as described in the 3 step general procedure A. The desired product was obtained as a yellow solid (0.047 g, 32%). Further purification was done by recrystallization from EtOAc. M.p.=143-145° C.; ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz) δ9.47 (m, 1H), 8.54 (s, 1H), 8.32 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.54 (m, 2H), 7.29-7.15 (m, 6H), 6.82 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 4.63 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 3.40 (m, 2H); LCMS [M+H]: 298; Elemental analysis (%): C, 80.64; H, 4.76; N, 14.17. Calcd for C₂₀H₁₅N₃: C, 80.79; H, 5.08; N, 14.13.

Example 3 or Compound 3 (Table 1) Synthesis of 7-(3,4-difluorophenyl)-6,7-dihydro-3H-benzo[f]pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinoline

The compound, 7-(3,4-difluorophenyl)-6,7-dihydro-3H-benzo[f]pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinoline was prepared using 4-(3,4-difluorophenyl)-3,4-dihydronaphthalen-1(2H)-one as described in the 3 step general procedure A. The desired product was obtained as a solid. M.p.=195-196° C.; 400 MHz ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ: 9.45 (m, 1H), 8.53 (s, 1H), 8.31 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.54 (m, 2H), 7.32 (m, 2H), 7.15 (m, 1H), 6.92 (m, 1H), 6.80 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 4.47 (t, J=6 Hz, 1H), 3.42 (dd, J=16 and 8.4 Hz, 1H), 3.28 (dd, J=15.6 and 6 Hz, 1H); LCMS [M+H]: 334.

Example 4 Synthesis of 7-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydro-3H-benzo[f]pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinoline

The compound, 7-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydro-3H-benzo[f]pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinoline was prepared using 4-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-3,4-dihydronaphthalen-1(2H)-one as described in the 3 step general procedure A. The desired product was obtained as a solid. M.p.=195-196° C.; 400 MHz ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ: 9.45 (m, 1H), 8.53 (s, 1H), 8.31 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.54 (m, 2H), 7.32 (m, 2H), 7.15 (m, 1H), 6.92 (m, 1H), 6.80 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 4.47 (t, J=6 Hz, 1H), 3.42 (dd, J=16 and 8.4 Hz, 1H), 3.28 (dd, J=15.6 and 6 Hz, 1H); LCMS [M+H]: 334.

Example 5 Synthesis of 7-(2-dichlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydro-3H-benzo[f]pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinoline

The compound, 7-(2-dichlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydro-3H-benzo[f]pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinoline was prepared using 4-(2-dichlorophenyl)-3,4-dihydronaphthalen-1(2H)-one as described in the 3 step general procedure A. The desired product was obtained as a solid. M.p.=88-91° C.; 400 MHz ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ: 9.49 (d, J=8 Hz, 1H), 8.49 (s, 1H), 8.33 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.53 (m, 3H), 7.27 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.19 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.01 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 6.93 (d, J=8 Hz, 1H), 6.82 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 4.80 (m, 1H), 3.41 (dd, J=15.6 and 8.4 Hz, 1H), 3.31 (dd, J=15.6 and 6 Hz, 1H); LCMS [M+H]: 332.

Example 6 Synthesis of 7-(4-fluorophenyl)-6,7-dihydro-3H-benzo[f]pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinoline

The compound, 7-(4-fluorophenyl)-6,7-dihydro-3H-benzo[f]pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinoline was prepared using 4-(4-fluorophenyl)-3,4-dihydronaphthalen-1(2H)-one as described in the 3 step general procedure A. The crude product was purified using reverse phase HPLC and the pure desired product was obtained as a yellow solid (0.033 g, 35%). M.p.=167-169° C.; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz) δ9.57 (m, 1H), 8.35 (s, 1H), 8.22 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.50 (m, 2H), 6.99-7.26 (m, 6H), 6.77 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 4.35 (m, 1H), 3.30 (m, 2H); LCMS [M+H]: 316.

Example 7 Synthesis of 8,10-dimethyl-6,7-dihydro-3H-benzo[f]pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinoline

The compound, 8,10-dimethyl-6,7-dihydro-3H-benzo[f]pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinoline was prepared using 5,7-dimethyl-3,4-dihydronaphthalen-1(2H)-one as described in the 3 step general procedure A. The desired product was obtained as a solid. M.p.=152-155° C. 400 MHz ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ: 9.05 (s, 1H), 8.55 (s, 1H), 8.30 (d, J=2.3 Hz, 1H), 7.24 (s, 1H), 6.8 (d, J=2.3 Hz, 1H), 2.95-2.8 (m, 4H), 2.45 (s, 3H) 2.4 (s, 3H); LCMS [M+H]: 250.

Example 8 Synthesis of 8-methoxy-6,7-dihydro-3H-benzo[f]pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinoline

The compound 8-methoxy-6,7-dihydro-3H-benzo[f]pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinoline was prepared using 5-methoxy-3,4-dihydronaphthalen-1(2H)-one as described in the 3 step general procedure A. The desired product was obtained as a solid. Mp=85-89° C., 400 MHz ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ: 8.98 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 8.5 (s, 1H), 8.30 (d, J=2.3, 1H), 7.45 (t, J=8.22 Hz, 1H), 7.26 (d, J=8.22 Hz, 1H), 6.8 (d, J=2.35 Hz, 1H). 3.8 (s, 3H), 2.9 (s, 4H); LCMS [M+H]: 252.

Example 9 Synthesis of 10-methoxy-6,7-dihydro-3H-benzo[f]pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinoline

The compound 10-methoxy-6,7-dihydro-3H-benzo[f]pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinoline was prepared using 7-methoxy-3,4-dihydronaphthalen-1(2H)-one as described in the 3 step general procedure A. The desired product was obtained as a solid. Mp=95-97° C., 400 MHz ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ: 9.0 (d, J=2.7 Hz, 1H), 8.6 (s, 1H), 8.32 (d, J=2.3, 1H), 7.39 (d, J=8.61 Hz, 1H), 7.12 (dd, J=2.74, 5.87 Hz, 1H), 6.82 (d, J=2.35 Hz, 1H), 3.85 (s, 3H), 3.0-2.85 (m, 4H); LCMS [M+H]: 252.

Example 10 Synthesis of 6,9-dihydro-5H-pyrazolo[3,4-k][1,8]phenanthroline

The compound, 6,9-dihydro-5H-pyrazolo[3,4-k][1,8]phenanthroline was prepared using 6,7-dihydroquinolin-8(5H)-one as described in the 3 step general procedure A. The crude product was purified using reverse phase HPLC to give the desired product as a yellow solid (0.027 g, 0.12 mmol). M.p.=263-265° C.; ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) 400 MHz δ: 13.67 (s, 1H), 8.61 (dd, J=1.5, 4.7 Hz, 1H), 8.10 (d, J=3.2 Hz, 2H), 7.73 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 7.35 (dd, J=2.7, 7.4 Hz, 1H), 2.97 (ddt, J=3.0, 7.2, 9.2 Hz, 4H), LCMS [M+H]: 223. Elemental Analysis calculated for C₁₃H₁₀N₄: % C, 70.76, % H, 4.54, % N, 25.21. Found C₁₃H₁₀N₄.0.08 (CF₃CO₂H): % C, 68.21, % H, 4.36, % N, 23.66.

Example 11 Synthesis of 9-methoxy-6,7-dihydro-3H-benzo[f]pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinoline

The compound, 9-methoxy-6,7-dihydro-3H-benzo[f]pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinoline was prepared using 6-methoxy-3,4-dihydronaphthalen-1(2H)-one as described in the 3 step general procedure A. The crude product was purified using reverse phase HPLC to give the desired product as a yellow solid (0.022 g, 0.088 mmol). ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) 400 MHz δ: 9.30 (dd, J=1.5, 4.7 Hz, 1H), 8.48 (s, 1H), 8.25 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.12-6.92 (m, 2H), 6.90-6.68 (m, 2H), 3.84 (s, 3H), 2.95-2.82 (m, 4H); LCMS [M+H]: 252.

Example 12 Synthesis of 9,10-dimethoxy-6,7-dihydro-3H-benzo[f]pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinoline

The compound, 9,10-dimethoxy-6,7-dihydro-3H-benzo[f]pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinoline was prepared using 6,7-dimethoxy-3,4-dihydronaphthalen-1(2H)-one as described in the 3 step general procedure A. The crude product was purified using reverse phase HPLC to give the desired product as a yellow solid (0.072 g, 0.26 mmol). ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) 400 MHz δ: 9.10 (s, 1H), 8.51 (s, 1H), 8.31 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.11 (s, 1H), 6.76 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 2H), 3.89 (s, 3H), 3.84 (s, 3H), 2.95-2.82 (m, 4H); LCMS [M+H]: 282.

Example 13 Synthesis of 10-bromo-6,7-dihydro-3H-benzo[f]pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinoline

The compound, 10-bromo-6,7-dihydro-3H-benzo[f]pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinoline was prepared using 7-bromo-3,4-dihydronaphthalen-1(2H)-one as described in the 3 step general procedure A. The crude product was purified using reverse phase HPLC to give the desired product as a yellow solid (0.032 g, 0.11 mmol). ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) 400 MHz δ: 9.55 (s, 1H), 8.59 (d, J=1.0 Hz, 1H), 8.35 (dd, J=1.2, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.71 (dd, J=2.3, 4.2 Hz, 1H), 7.43 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 1H), 6.90-6.65 (m, 1H), 2.95-2.82 (m, 4H); LCMS [M+H]: 299.

Example 14 Synthesis of 10-nitro-6,7-dihydro-3H-benzo[f]pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquino line

The compound, 10-nitroo-6,7-dihydro-3H-benzo[f]pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinoline was prepared using 7-nitro-3,4-dihydronaphthalen-1(2H)-one as described in the 3 step general procedure A. The desired product was obtained as a yellow solid (0.036 g). M.p.=214-217° C. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) 400 MHz δ 10.43 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 8.49 (s, 1H), 8.32 (dd, J=2.6 and 8.4 Hz, 1H), 8.28 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.84 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 3.15-3.12 (m, 2H), 3.08-3.03 (m, 2H); LCMS [M+H]: 267.

Example 15 Synthesis of 6,7-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[4,3-a][3,7]phenanthrolin-9(8H)-one

The compound, 6,7-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[4,3-a][3,7]phenanthrolin-9(8H)-one was prepared using 2-methoxy-7,8-dihydroquinolin-5(6H)-one as described in the 3 step general procedure A. The desired product was obtained as a yellow solid (0.005 g). Mp=290-296° C.; ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz) δ: 12.46 (brs, 1H), 9.27 (d, J=9.8 Hz, 1H), 8.42 (s, 1H), 8.23 (d, J=2.8 Hz, 1H), 6.68 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.40 (d, J=9.8 Hz, 1H), 2.92 (m, 4H); LC/MS [M+H]: 239.

General Procedure B: Compounds of the present invention can be conveniently prepared by the general procedure illustrated below:

Example 16 Synthesis of 1-bromo-7-phenyl-6,7-dihydro-3H-benzo[f]pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinoline

To a solution of 7-phenyl-6,7-dihydro-3H-benzo[f]pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinoline (0.018 g, 0.060 mmol) in dichloromethane (2 mL) was added N-bromosuccinimide (0.011 g, 0.063 mmol). The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 16 hours followed by addition of water (2 mL) and dichloromethane (3 mL). The organic layer was separated, dried using Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified using flash column chromatography (SiO₂, 10% EtOAc in hexane) to give the pure desired product, 1-bromo-7-phenyl-6,7-dihydro-3H-benzo[f]pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinoline as a yellow solid (0.010 g, 44%). M.p.=176-178° C.; ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz) δ 9.36 (m, 1H), 8.63 (s, 1H), 8.49 (s, 1H), 7.56 (m, 2H), 7.30-7.15 (m, 6H), 4.73 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 3.42 (m, 2H); LCMS [M+H]: 377; Elemental analysis (%): C, 63.59; H, 4.10; N, 10.98. Calcd for C₂₀H₁₄BrN₃: C, 63.85; H, 3.75; N, 11.17.

Example 17 Synthesis of 1-bromo-7-(2-chlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydro-3H-benzo[f]pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinoline

The compound, 1-bromo-7-(2-chlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydro-3H-benzo[f]pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinoline was prepared using 7-(2-chlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydro-3H-benzo[f]pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinoline as described in general procedure B. The desired product was obtained as solid. Mp=180-182° C.; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) 400 MHz δ: 9.47 (d, J=1.2 Hz, 1H), 8.38 (s, 1H), 8.22 (s, 1H), 7.43-7.57 (m, 3H), 7.26 (s, 1H), 7.02-7.19 (m, 3H), 6.81 (dd, 1H, J=7.8, 1.6 Hz), 4.87 (t, 1H, J=6.6 Hz), 3.29-3.43 (m, 2H); LC/MS [M+H]: 410.

Example 18 Synthesis of tert-butyl 4-(4-(7-(2-chlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydro-3H-benzo[f]pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinolin-1-yl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)piperidine-1-carboxylate

To a solution of 1-bromo-7-(2-chloro-phenyl)-6,7-dihydro-3H-2,3,4-triaza-cyclopenta[c]phenanthrene (0.119 g, 0.29 mmol) in toluene (3 mL) and EtOH (1.5 mL) was added 4-[4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-[1,3,2]dioxaborolan-2-yl)-pyrazol-1-yl]-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester-N-acetyl-1-bronic acid (0.110 g, 0.29 mmol) followed by aqueous solution of Na₂CO₃ (0.18 g, 1.74 mmol) in water (1.74 mL) and 1,1-bis(di-t-butylphosphino)ferrocene palladium dichloride (BDTBPF—PdC₂, CAS#95408-45-0, 15 mg). The reaction was then purged with nitrogen and heated at 90° C. for 16 hours. On completion of the reaction, EtOAc (30 mL) and water (20 mL) was added to the reaction mixture. The organic layer was separated, washed with brine (2×20 mL) and concentrated under reduced pressure to give the crude product. The crude product was purified by flash column chromatography (SiO₂, 33% EtOAc in hexane) to give the desired product, 4-{-4-[7-(2-chloro-phenyl)-6,7-dihydro-3H-2,3,4-triaza-cyclopenta[c]phenanthren-1-yl]-pyrazol-1-yl}-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (0.088 g, 52%), as an orange solid. M.p.=139-141° C.; 400 MHz ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ: 9.52-9.47 (, 1H), 8.6 (s, 1H), 8.52 (s, 1H), 8.29 (s, 1H), 8.02 (s, 1H), 7.62-7.5 (m, 3H), 7.32-7.25 (m, 1H), 7.22-7.15 (m, 1H), 7.06-7.02 (m, 1H), 6.96-6.92 (m, 1H), 4.82 (t, J=8 Hz, 1H), 4.48-4.38 (1H), 4.1-4.0 (m, 2H), 3.48-3.32 (m, 2H), 2.92 (br s, 2H), 2.1-2.0 (m, 2H), 1.88-1.76 (m, 2H), 1.42 (s, 9H); LCMS [M+H]: 581.6.

Example 19 Synthesis of 7-(2-chlorophenyl)-1-(1-piperidin-4-yl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-6,7-dihydro-3H-benzo[f]pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinoline

To a solution of 4-{4-[7-(2-chloro-phenyl)-6,7-dihydro-3H-2,3,4-triaza-cyclopenta[c]phenanthren-1-yl]-pyrazol-1-yl}-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (0.068 g, 0.117 mmol) in dichloromethane (5 mL) was added 4M HCl (g) in dioxane (0.3 mL). The reaction was shaken overnight at room temperature. A lot of orange solid were formed. On completion, toluene (1 mL) was added and the solvent removed under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified using reverse phase HPLC to give the desired product, 7-(2-chloro-phenyl)-1-(1-piperidin-4-yl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-6,7-dihydro-3H-2,3,4-triaza-cyclopenta[c]phenanthrene TFA salt, as an orange solid (0.042 g, 60%). Mp>225° C.; ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) 400 MHz δ: 9.46 (d, J=7.43, 1H), 8.61 (s, 1H), 8.5 (brs, 2H), 8.25 (s, 1H), 8.04 (s, 1H), 7.48-7.58 (m, 3H), 7.14-7.25 (m, 2H), 6.90-7.02 (m, 2H), 4.79 (brs, 1H), 3.30-3.41 (m, 2H), 3.03-3.13 (m, 2H), 2.10-2.18 (m, 4H); LC/MS [M+H]: 481.

General Procedure C: Compounds of the present invention can be conveniently prepared by the general procedure illustrated below:

Example 20 Synthesis of 3,6,7,8-tetrahydrobenzo[6,7]cyclohepta[1,2-d]pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine

Step 1 Synthesis of (E)-6-((dimethylamino)methylene)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-5H-benzo[7]annulen-5-one

A solution of 6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-5H-benzo[7]annulen-5-one (1.0 g, 6.24 mmol) in 1,1-dimethoxy-N,N-dimethylmethanamine (2.5 mL) was heated at 100° C. for 24 hours. On completion of the reaction, the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The oily residue was triturated with n-hexane (2×50 mL) to give the desired pure product, (E)-6-((dimethylamino)methylene)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-5H-benzo[7]annulen-5-one (1.1 g, 82%) as a brown solid. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz): δ 7.75 (s, 1H), 7.62 (d, J=6.2 Hz, 1H), 7.34-7.25 (m, 2H), 7.09 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 1H), 3.11 (s, 6H), 2.75 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 2.35 (t, J=6.4 Hz, 2H), 1.83 (quintet, J=6.8 Hz, 2H). LCMS [M+H]: 216.

Step 2 Synthesis of 3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-3,6,7,8-tetrahydrobenzo[6,7]cyclohepta[1,2-d]pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine

To a mixture of 6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-5H-benzo[7]annulen-5-one (8.5 g, 39.5 mmol) and 1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-amine (8.2 g, 44.47 mmol) was added trifluoroacetic acid (4.25 mL, 54.3 mmol). The reaction mixture was heated at 100° C. for 24 hours. On completion of the reaction, the solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the crude product was purified by flash column chromatography (SiO₂, gradient from 5% EtOAc in hexanes to 30% EtOAc in hexanes) to give the desired product (4.2 g, 30%) as an off-colored solid. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz) δ: 7.97 (s, 1H), 7.85 (s, 1H), 7.79 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.46-7.44 (m, 1H), 7.38 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.28 (s, 1H), 7.26 (s, 1H), 6.84 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 5.69 (s, 2H), 3.76 (s, 3H), 2.59 (q, J=6.0 Hz, 4H), 2.21 (quintet, J=7.2 Hz, 2H); LCMS [M+H]: 356.

Step 3 Synthesis of 3,6,7,8-tetrahydrobenzo[6,7]cyclohepta[1,2-d]pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine

A solution of 3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-3,6,7,8-tetrahydrobenzo[6,7]cyclohepta[1,2-d]pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine (2.0 g, 5.63 mmol) in trifluoroacetic acid (10 mL) was heated at 100° C. for 6 hours. On completion of the reaction, the solvent removed under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in water (20 mL) and then it was basified to pH=10 using ammonium hydroxide. The aqueous layer was extracted with 10% methanol in dichloromethane (2×100 mL). The organic extracts were combined, dried using sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified using flash column chromatography (SiO₂, gradient 100% dichloromethane to 2% methanol in dichloromethane) to give the pure desired product (0.9 g, 68%) as off-colored solid. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz): δ 13.58 (s, 1H), 8.14 (s, 1H), 8.10 (s, 1H), 7.66 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.44-7.36 (m, 3H), 7.32 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 2.60-2.38 (m, 4H), 2.15 (quintet, 3H); LCMS [M+H]: 236.

Example 21 Synthesis of 3,6-dihydrochromeno[4,3-d]pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine

The compound, 3,6-dihydrochromeno[4,3-d]pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine was prepared using chroman-4-one as described in the 3 step general procedure C. The desired product was obtained as a yellow solid (0.230 g, 50%). ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz): δ 13.66 (s, 1H), 8.21 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 8.14 (s, 1H), 8.11 (s, 1H), 7.40 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.15 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.03 (d, J=8 Hz, 1H), 5.34 (s, 2H); LCMS [M+H]: 224.

Example 22 Synthesis of 3,6-dihydropyrazolo[3,4-b]thiochromeno[4,3-d]pyridine

The compound 3,6-dihydropyrazolo[3,4-b]thiochromeno[4,3-d]pyridine was prepared using thiochroman-4-one as described in the 3 step general procedure C. The desired product was obtained as a yellow colored solid (0.400 g, 30%). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz): δ 10.55 (s, 1H), 8.43 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 1H), 8.07 (s, 1H), 7.93 (s, 1H), 7.41-7.25 (m, 3H), 4.07 (s, 2H); LCMS [M+H]: 240.

Example 23 Synthesis of 7-methyl-6,7-dihydro-3H-benzo[f]pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinoline

The compound, 7-methyl-6,7-dihydro-3H-benzo[f]pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinoline was prepared using 4-methyl-3,4-dihydronaphthalen-1(2H)-one as described in the 3 step general procedure C. The desired product was obtained as a yellow colored solid (0.230 g, 70%). ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz): δ 13.53 (s, 1H), 8.30 (dd, J=8.8, 4.0 Hz, 1H), 8.05 (s, 2H), 7.34-7.42 (m, 3H), 3.09-3.18 (m, 2H), 2.83 (dd, J=12.0, 5.6 Hz, 1H), 1.17 (s) and 1.15 (s), 3H; LCMS [M+H]: 236.

Example 24 Synthesis of 6-methyl-3,6-dihydroindeno[1,2-d]pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine

The compound, 6-methyl-3,6-dihydroindeno[1,2-d]pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine was prepared using 3-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-one as described in the 3 step general procedure C. The desired product was obtained as a yellow colored solid (0.400 g, 41%). ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz): δ 12.84 (bs, 1H), 8.40 (s, 1H), 8.14 (s, 2H), 7.49-7.60 (m, 3H), 4.07 (q, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 1.61 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H); LCMS [M+H]: 222.

Example 25 Synthesis of 3,7-dihydroisothiochromeno[4,3-d]pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine

The compound, 3,7-dihydroisothiochromeno[4,3-d]pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine was prepared using isothiochroman-4-one as described in the 3 step general procedure C. The desired product was obtained as a yellow colored solid (0.500 g, 75%). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz): δ 13.70 (1H, s), 8.27-8.24 (m, 2H), 8.07 (s, 1H), 7.48-7.39 (m, 3H), 4.05 (s, 2H); LCMS [M+H]: 240.

Example 26 Synthesis of 6,7-dihydro-3H-[1]benzoxepino[5,4-d]pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine

The compound, 6,7-dihydro-3H-[1]benzoxepino[5,4-d]pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine was prepared using 3,4-dihydrobenzo[b]oxepin-5(2H)-one as described in the 3 step general procedure C. The desired product was obtained as a yellow colored solid (0.150 g, 75%). ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz): δ 13.65 (s, 1H), 8.17 (s, 1H), 8.14 (s, 1H), 7.77 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.47 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.32 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.16 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 4.49 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H)), 2.89 (t, J=5.6 Hz, 2H); LCMS [M+H]: 238.

Example 27 Synthesis of 6-phenyl-3,6-dihydrochromeno[4,3-d]pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine

The compound, 6-phenyl-3,6-dihydrochromeno[4,3-d]pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine was prepared using 2-phenylchroman-4-one as described in the 3 step general procedure C. The desired product was obtained as a yellow colored solid (0.142 g, 66%). ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz): δ 13.72 (s, 1H), 8.22 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 8.12 (s, 1H), 7.80 (s, 1H), 7.44-7.30 (m, 6H), 7.14 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.06 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 6.62 (s, 1H); LCMS [M+H]: 300.

Example 28 Synthesis of 3,6-dihydroindeno[1,2-d]pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine

The compound, 3,6-dihydroindeno[1,2-d]pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine was prepared using 2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-one as described in the 3 step general procedure C. The desired product was obtained as a solid (0.5 g, 79%). ¹H NMR (CD₃OD, 400 MHz): δ 8.30 (s, 1H), 8.15-8.10 (m, 1H), 8.05 (s, 1H), 7.79-7.70 (m, 1H), 7.52-7.48 (m, 2H), 4.00 (s, 2H); LCMS [M+H]: 208.

Example 29 Synthesis of 3,6,7,8-tetrahydropyrazolo[4′,3′:5,6]pyrido[3,4-d][1]benzazepine

The compound, 3,6,7,8-tetrahydropyrazolo[4′,3′:5,6]pyrido[3,4-d][1]benzazepine was prepared using 3,4-dihydro-1H-benzo[b]azepin-5(2H)-one as described in the 3 step general procedure C. The desired product was obtained as a solid (0.022 g, 19%). M.p.=215-217° C., ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz): δ 8.05 (s, 1H), 7.9 (s, 1H), 7.8-7.72 (m, 1H), 6.8-6.7 (m, 2H), 7.2-7.12 (m, 2H), 5.78-5.7 (m, 2H), 3.6-3.52 (m, 2H); LCMS [M+H]: 237.

Example 30 Synthesis of N-(6,7-dihydro-3H-benzo[f]pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinolin-9-yl)acetamide

Step 1 Synthesis of N-(5-oxo-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl)acetamide

To a solution of 6-amino-3,4-dihydronaphthalen-1(2H)-one (0.5 g, 3.1 mmol) in pyridine (5 mL) was added acetic anhydride (0.38 g, 3.7 mmol). The solution was stirred at room temperature for 3 hours. The reaction was then diluted with dichloromethane (50 mL). The organic layer was separated, washed with 2M HCl (2×25 mL), brine (50 mL), dried using sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude was product was obtained as an off colored solid (0.5 g, 79%) and used in the next reaction without any further purification. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz): δ 8.94 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.72 (s, 1H), 7.62 (s, 1H), 7.20 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H0, 2.96 (t, J=6.2 Hz, 2H), 2.62 (quintet, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 2.12 (s, 3H), 2.11 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H); LCMS [M+H]: 204.

Step 2 Synthesis of N-(6,7-dihydro-3H-benzo[f]pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinolin-9-yl)acetamide

The compound, N-(6,7-dihydro-3H-benzo[f]pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinolin-9-yl)acetamide was prepared using N-(5-oxo-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl)acetamide as described in the 3 step general procedure C. The desired product was obtained as a yellow colored solid (0.25 g, 99%). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz): δ 13.46 (s, 1H), 10.08 (s, 1H), 8.20 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 8.05 (s, 1H), 5.00 (s, 1H), 7.66 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.60 (s, 1H), 3.00 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 2.84 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 1H). 2.05 (s, 3H); LCMS [M+H]: 279.

General Procedure D: Compounds of the present invention can be conveniently prepared by the general procedure illustrated below:

Example 31 Synthesis of 6,7-dihydro-3H-furo[3,2-f]pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinoline

Step 1: Synthesis of (E)-5-((dimethylamino)methylene)-6,7-dihydrobenzofuran-4(5H)-one. A solution of 6,7-dihydrobenzofuran-4(5H)-one (1.0 g, 7.3 mmol) and Bredreck's reagent (1.53 g, 8.81 mmol) in toluene (10 mL) was heated at 100° C. for 4 days. On completion of the reaction, the solvent was removed under reduced pressure to give the desired product as a brown oil (0.6 g, 43%). The crude product was used in the next step without any further purification. LCMS [M+H]: 192.

Step 2: Synthesis of 6,7-dihydro-3H-furo[3,2-f]pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinoline. The compound, 6,7-dihydro-3H-furo[3,2-f]pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinoline was prepared using (E)-5-((dimethylamino)methylene)-6,7-dihydrobenzofuran-4(5H)-one as described in the general procedure C (Steps 2 and 3). The desired product was obtained as a yellow colored solid (0.035 g, 55%). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz): δ 13.4 (s, 1H), 8.00 (s, 2H), 7.70 (s, 1H), 6.90 (s, 1H), 3.09 (t, J=6.2 Hz, 2H), 2.96 (t, J=6.2 Hz, 2H); LCMS [M+H]: 212.

Example 32 Synthesis of 6,7-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]thieno[3,2-f]isoquinoline

The compound, 6,7-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]thieno[3,2-f]isoquinoline was prepared using 6,7-dihydrobenzo[b]thiophen-4(5H)-one as described in the 3 step general procedure D. The desired product was obtained as a yellow colored solid (0.130 g, 55%). ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz): δ 13.45 (s, 1H), 8.02 (s, 1H), 8.01 (s, 1H), 7.60 (d, J=4.8 Hz, 1H), 7.44 (d, J=4.8 Hz, 1H), 3.12 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 3.03 (t, J=7 Hz, 2H); LCMS [M+H]: 228.

Example 33 Synthesis of 3H-spiro[chromeno[4,3-d]pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine-6,4′-piperidine]

The compound, 3H-spiro[chromeno[4,3-d]pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine-6,4′-piperidine] was prepared using tert-butyl 4-oxospiro[chroman-2,4′-piperidine]-1′-carboxylate as described in the 3 step general procedure D. The desired product was obtained as a solid (0.015 g, 42%). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz): δ 8.057 (s, 1H), 8.05 (s, 1H), 7.88 (dd, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.32 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.078 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 6.90 (d, J=8.0 Hz), 5.94 (s, 1H), 3.59 (d, J=3.2 Hz, 2H), 2.95 (t, J=5.2 Hz, 2H), 2.10-2.00 (m, 4H); LCMS [M+H]: 293.

Example 34 Synthesis of 6,7-dihydro-3H-benzo[f]pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinolin-8-ol

Step-1: Synthesis of 5-(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)-3,4-dihydronaphthalen-1(2H)-one. To a solution of 5-hydroxy-3,4-dihydronaphthalen-1(2H)-one (0.5 g, 3.08 mmol) in DMF (5 mL) was added Imidazole (0.527 g, 7.74 mmol) and tert-butyldimethylsilyl chloride (0.581 g, 3.8 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 hours. Ice-cooled water (50 mL) was then added and the reaction mixture extracted with EtOAc (3×50 mL). The organic extracts were combined, washed with 2N NaOH (2×30 mL), water (50 mL), dried using sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure to give (0.6 g, 70%) of the desired product as an oil. The crude product was used in the next step without further purification. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz): δ 7.96 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.18 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 6.96 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 2.87 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 2.61 (t, J=6.2 Hz, 2H), 2.14 (quintet, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 1.04 (s, 9H), 0.14 (s, 6H); LCMS (M+H): 277.

Step 2: Synthesis of 6,7-dihydro-3H-benzo[f]pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinolin-8-ol. The compound, 6,7-dihydro-3H-benzo[f]pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinolin-8-ol was prepared using 5-(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)-3,4-dihydronaphthalen-1(2H)-one as described in the 3 step general procedure D. The desired product was obtained as a solid (0.2 g, 37%). ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz): δ 13.50 (s, 1H), 9.48 (s, 1H), 8.10 (s, 2H), 7.82 (d, J=8 Hz, 1H), 7.22 (t, J=8 Hz, 1H), 6.90 (d, J=8 Hz, 1H), 3.16-2.94 (m, 2H), 2.90-2.82 (m, 2H); LCMS [M+H]: 238.

Example 35 Synthesis of 3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-9-(methylsulfanyl)-6,7-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[4′,3′,5,6]pyrido[4,3-f]quinazoline

Step 1: Synthesis of 2-((dimethylamino)methylene)cyclohexane-1,3-dione. A mixture of cyclohexane-1,3-dione (10 g, 89 mmol) and DMF-dimethylacetal (21.2 mL, 178 mmol) was stirred at room temperature for 16 hours. On completion of the reaction, the reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue triturated with hexane (50 mL) to give the desired product as a solid. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz): δ 8.0 (s, 1H), 3.35 (s, 3H), 3.14 (s, 3H), 2.41 (t, J=6.2 Hz, 4H), 1.92 (quintet, J=6.2 Hz, 2H). LCMS [M+H]: 168.

Step 2: Synthesis of 2-(methylthio)-7,8-dihydroquinazolin-5(6H)-one. To a solution of 2-((dimethylamino)methylene)cyclohexane-1,3-dione (0.5 g, 2.9 mmol) in DMF (2 mL) was added sodium acetate (0.39 g, 4.7 mmol) and methyl carbamimidothioate (0.9 g, 3.5 mmol). The reaction mixture was heated at 100° C. for 5 hours. On completion of the reaction, the reaction mixture was diluted with dichloromethane (30 mL). The organic layer was separated and washed with water (2×30 mL). The solvent was then removed under reduced pressure and the residue dissolved in EtOAc (50 mL) and washed with water (2×30 mL). The organic layer was dried using sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure to give the desired product (0.5 g, 86%) as a solid. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz): δ 8.94 (s, 1H), 3.01 (t, J=6 Hz, 2H), 2.64 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 2.58 (s, 3H), 2.14 (quintet, J=6.2 Hz, 2H); LCSM [M+H]: 195.

Step 3: Synthesis of (E)-6-((dimethylamino)methylene)-2-(methylthio)-7,8-dihydroquinazolin-5(6H)-one. To a solution of 2-(methylthio)-7,8-dihydroquinazolin-5(6H)-one (0.2 g, 1.0 mmol) in toluene (3 mL) was added DMFDMA (0.2 mL, 1.5 mmol). The reaction mixture was then refluxed for 16 hours. The reaction mixture was then cooled to room temperature and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude compound was purified by flash column chromatography (SiO₂, gradient from 100% dichloromethane to 2% methanol in dichloromethane) to give the pure desired product (0.15 g, 60%) as a solid. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz): δ 9.0 (s, 1H), 7.72 (s, 1H), 3.18 (s, 6H), 2.98 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 2.92 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 2.60 (s, 3H); LCMS [M+H]: 250.

Step 4: Synthesis of 3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-9-(methylsulfanyl)-6,7-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[4′,3′:5,6]pyrido[4,3-f]quinazoline. To a mixture of (E)-6-((dimethylamino)methylene)-2-(methylthio)-7,8-dihydroquinazolin-5(6H)-one (8 g, 32 mmol) and 1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-amine (7.2 g, 35 mmol) was added trifluoroacetic acid (3 mL). The reaction mixture was heated at 100° C. for 16 hours. The reaction was cooled to room temperature and diluted with a 1:1 mixture of methanol and isopropanol (40 mL). The mixture was stirred for 30 minutes and filtered. The solid obtained was then further purified using flash column chromatography (SiO₂, gradient from 100% chloroform to 2% EtOAc in chloroform) to give the desired product (3.0 g, 24%) as a yellow solid. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz): δ 9.52 (s, 1H), 7.98 (s, 1H), 7.82 (s, 1H), 7.40 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 6.82 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 5.64 (s, 2H), 3.78 (s, 3H), 3.16 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 3.10 (t, J=6.2 Hz, 2H), 2.65 (s, 3H); LCMS [M+H]: 390.

Example 36 Synthesis of 3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-9-(methylsulfonyl)-6,7-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[4′,3′:5,6]pyrido[4,3-f]quinazoline

To a suspension of 3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-9-(methylsulfanyl)-6,7-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[4′,3′:5,6]pyrido[4,3-f]quinazoline (1.9 g, 4.8 mmol) in 2:1 mixture of methanol-water (100 mL) was added potassium monopersulfate triple salt (Oxone®, 9.2 g, 15 mmol) and the suspension stirred for 18 hours. On completion of the reaction, the mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate (200 mL) and washed with water (2×20 mL), dried using anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to give the desired product, 3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-9-(methylsulfonyl)-6,7-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[4′,3′:5,6]pyrido[4,3-f]quinazoline (1.5 g, 77%) as a tan solid. LCMS [M+H]: 422. The compound was used without any further purification.

General Procedure E: Compounds of the present invention can be conveniently prepared by the general procedure illustrated below:

Synthesis of N-substituted 6,7-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[4′,3′:5,6]pyrido[4,3-f]quinazolin-9-amines

Step 1: To a 0.5M solution of sulfone (0.1 mL, 50 mole) in DMSO was added a 0.5M solution of amine (0.1 mL, 50 mole) in DMSO. The reaction mixture was heated at 100° C. for 1 hour. The reaction was then concentrated under reduced pressure to give an oily residue, which was used in Step 2 without any further purification.

Step 2: To the oily residue obtained from step (i) was added trifluoroacetic acid (1 mL). The reaction mixture was then shaken at 60° C. for 17 hours. The reaction was then concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified using reverse phase HPLC to give the desired product as a solid.

Examples 37-67

Compounds in Table 3 are synthesized by using general procedure E as described herein.

TABLE 3 LC/MS Structure IUPAC Name [M + H]

N-(2-morpholin-4-ylethyl)-6,7- dihydro-3H- pyrazolo[4′,3′:5,6]pyrido[4,3- f]quinazolin-9-amine 352

N-(4-tert-butylbenzyl)-6,7- dihydro-3H- pyrazolo[4′,3′:5,6]pyrido[4,3- f]quinazolin-9-amine 385

9-(4-morpholin-4-ylpiperidin-1- yl)-6,7-dihydro-3H- pyrazolo[4′,3′:5,6]pyrido[4,3- f]quinazoline 392

N-(2-pyrrolidin-1-ylethyl)-6,7- dihydro-3H- pyrazolo[4′,3′:5,6]pyrido[4,3- f]quinazolin-9-amine 336

N-(3-morpholin-4-ylpropyl)-6,7- dihydro-3H- pyrazolo[4′,3′:5,6]pyrido[4,3- f]quinazolin-9-amine 366

N-(3-fluorobenzyl)-6,7-dihydro- 3H-pyrazolo[4′,3′:5,6]pyrido[4,3- f]quinazolin-9-amine 347

9-morpholin-4-yl-6,7-dihydro- 3H-pyrazolo[4′,3′:5,6]pyrido[4,3- f]quinazoline 309

9-(4-pyridin-4-ylpiperazin-1-yl)- 6,7-dihydro-3H- pyrazolo[4′,3′:5,6]pyrido[4,3- f]quinazoline 385

N-(2-chlorobenzyl)-6,7-dihydro- 3H-pyrazolo[4′,3′:5,6]pyrido[4,3- f]quinazolin-9-amine 363

N-(pyridin-3-ylmethyl)-6,7- dihydro-3H- pyrazolo[4′,3′:5,6]pyrido[4,3- f]quinazolin-9-amine 330

N-[2-(3-chlorophenyl)ethyl]-6,7- dihydro-3H- pyrazolo[4′,3′:5,6]pyrido[4,3- f]quinazolin-9-amine 377

N-(3-phenylpropyl)-6,7-dihydro- 3H-pyrazolo[4′,3′:5,6]pyrido[4,3- f]quinazolin-9-amine 357

N-(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)-6,7- dihydro-3H- pyrazolo[4′,3′:5,6]pyrido[4,3- f]quinazolin-9-amine 330

9-(4-benzylpiperidin-1-yl)-6,7- dihydro-3H- pyrazolo[4′,3′:5,6]pyrido[4,3- f]quinazoline 397

N-[2-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2- yl)ethyl]-6,7-dihydro-3H- pyrazolo[4′,3′:5,6]pyrido[4,3- f]quinazolin-9-amine 350

1-[3-(6,7-dihydro-3H- pyrazolo[4′,3′:5,6]pyrido[4,3- f]quinazolin-9- ylamino)propyl]pyrrolidin-2-one 364

N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)ethyl]-6,7- dihydro-3H- pyrazolo[4′,3′:5,6]pyrido[4,3- f]quinazolin-9-amine 361

N-(4-chlorobenzyl)-6,7-dihydro- 3H-pyrazolo[4′,3′:5,6]pyrido[4,3- f]quinazolin-9-amine 363

N-(cycloheptylmethyl)-6,7- dihydro-3H- pyrazolo[4′,3′:5,6]pyrido[4,3- f]quinazolin-9-amine 349

9-(3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-2(1H)- yl)-6,7-dihydro-3H- pyrazolo[4′,3′:5,6]pyrido[4,3- f]quinazoline 355

N-[3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]- 6,7-dihydro-3H- pyrazolo[4′,3′:5,6]pyrido[4,3- f]quinazolin-9-amine 397

N-benzyl-N-methyl-6,7-dihydro- 3H-pyrazolo[4′,3′:5,6]pyrido[4,3- f]quinazolin-9-amine 343

N-(3,4-dichlorobenzyl)-6,7- dihydro-3H- pyrazolo[4′,3′:5,6]pyrido[4,3- f]quinazolin-9-amine 397

N-(2-phenoxyethyl)-6,7-dihydro- 3H-pyrazolo[4′,3′:5,6]pyrido[4,3- f]quinazolin-9-amine 359

N-(3-methoxybenzyl)-6,7- dihydro-3H- pyrazolo[4′,3′:5,6]pyrido[4,3- f]quinazolin-9-amine 359

N-(2-chloro-6-fluorobenzyl)-6,7- dihydro-3H- pyrazolo[4′,3′:5,6]pyrido[4,3- f]quinazolin-9-amine 381

9-pyrrolidin-1-yl-6,7-dihydro-3H- pyrazolo[4′,3′:5,6]pyrido[4,3- f]quinazoline 293

9-[4-(2-oxo-2-pyrrolidin-1- ylethyl)piperazin-1-yl]-6,7- dihydro-3H- pyrazolo[4′,3′:5,6]pyrido[4,3- f]quinazoline 419

9-(4-benzylpiperazin-1-yl)-6,7- dihydro-3H- pyrazolo[4′,3′:5,6]pyrido[4,3- f]quinazoline 398

N-(3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl)-6,7- dihydro-3H- pyrazolo[4′,3′:5,6]pyrido[4,3- f]quinazolin-9-amine 364

9-[4-(2-chlorobenzyl)piperazin-1- yl]-6,7-dihydro-3H- pyrazolo[4′,3′:5,6]pyrido[4,3- f]quinazoline 432

Example 68 Synthesis of N-methyl-6,7-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[4′,3′:5,6]pyrido[4,3-f]quinazolin-9-amine

Step 1: Synthesis of 2-(methylamino)-7,8-dihydroquinazolin-5(6H)-one. To anhydrous ethanol (15 mL) was added sodium metal (0.45 g, 19.5 mmol). After complete dissolution of sodium metal in ethanol, 2-((dimethylamino)methylene)cyclohexane-1,3-dione (1 g, 5.5 mmol) and N-methylguanidine hydrochloride (1 g, 9.0 mmol) were added and the reaction was refluxed for 4 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and concentrated under reduced pressure. Ice-cooled water (50 mL) was then added to the residue and the aqueous solution extracted with EtOAc (3×40 mL). The combined organic extract was dried using sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure to give the desired product (0.6 g, 57%) as a solid. The crude product was used in the next step without further purification. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz): δ 8.90 and 8.80 (2s, 1H), 5.98 and 5.82 (2s, 1H), 3.11 and 3.09 (2s, 3H), 2.96-2.88 (m, 2H), 2.58 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 2.10 (quintet, J=6.0 Hz, 2H). LCMS [M+H]: 178.

Step 2: Synthesis of (E)-6-((dimethylamino)methylene)-2-(methylamino)-7,8-dihydroquinazolin-5(6H)-one. To a solution of 2-(methylamino)-7,8-dihydroquinazolin-5(6H)-one (0.2 g, 1 mmol) in toluene (3 mL) was added 1,1-dimethoxy-N,N-dimethylmethanamine (0.35 mL, 2.9 mmol) and triethylamine (0.15 mL, 1 mmol). The reaction mixture was refluxed for 16 hours. The reaction mixture was then concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by flash column chromatography (SiO₂, gradient from 100% chloroform to 2% methanol in chloroform) to give the desired product (0.1 g, 38%) as solid. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz): δ 8.84 (bs, 1H), 7.62 (s, 1H), 5.68 (bs, 1H), 3.15 (s, 6H), 3.12 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 3H), 3.10-3.05 (m, 2H), 3.03-2.98 (m, 2H). LCMS [M+H]: 233.

Step 3: Synthesis of 3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-N-methyl-6,7-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[4′,3′:5,6]pyrido[4,3-f]quinazolin-9-amine. To a mixture of (E)-6-((dimethylamino)methylene)-2-(methylamino)-7,8-dihydroquinazolin-5(6H)-one (2.8 g, 12 mmol) and 1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-amine (2.69 g, 13 mmol) was added trifluoroacetic (1 mL). The reaction mixture was heated at 100° C. for 16 hours. The reaction was then cooled to room temperature followed by addition of isopropanol (20 mL). The reaction mixture was the stirred for 30 minutes and the supernatant decanted. The residue was dried under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified using flash column chromatography (SiO₂, gradient from 100 hexanes to 15% EtOAc in hexanes) to give desired product (1.0 g, 22%) as solid. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz): δ 9.32 (s, 1H), 7.90 (s, 1H), 7.75 (s, 1H), 7.40 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 6.82 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 5.52-5.48 (m, 1H), 5.62 (s, 2H), 3.76 (s, 3H), 3.18-3.04 (m, 5H), 3.0-2.88 (m, 2H); LCMS [M+H]: 373.

Step 4: Synthesis of N-methyl-6,7-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[4′,3′:5,6]pyrido[4,3-f]quinazolin-9-amine A solution of 3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-N-methyl-6,7-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[4′,3′:5,6]pyrido[4,3-f]quinazolin-9-amine (0.5 g, 1.3 mmol) in trifluoroacetic acid (2 mL) was heated at 100° C. for 16 hours. The reaction mixture was then cooled to room temperature and neutralized using 2N NaOH. The reaction mixture was then extracted with 5% methanol in dichloromethane (3×50 mL). The organic extracts were combined, dried using sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by flash column chromatography (SiO₂, gradient from 100% dichloromethane to 2% methanol in dichloromethane) to give the pure desired product (0.19 g, 57%) as a solid. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz): δ 13.40 (s, 1H), 8.96 (s, 1H), 7.95 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.45 (s, 1H), 3.70 (bs, 1H), 3.30 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 2.82 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 2.8 (s, 3H); LCMS [M+H]: 253.

Example 69 Synthesis of 8-phenyl-3,6,7,8-tetrahydrodipyrazolo[3,4-c:4′,3′-f]isoquinoline

Step 1: Synthesis of 1-phenyl-6,7-dihydro-1H-indazol-4(5H)-one. To a stirred solution of 2-((dimethylamino)methylene)cyclohexane-1,3-dione (14 g, 83 mmol) in methanol (150 mL) was added phenyl hydrazine (8.92 g, 83 mmol). The reaction mixture was refluxed for 6 hours. The reaction was then concentrated under reduced pressure followed by the addition of n-butanol (130 mL) and glacial acetic acid (2 mL). The reaction mixture was refluxed for 3 hours. On the completion of the reaction, the reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was triturated with ether (100 mL) to give a precipitate, which was filtered and dried under reduced pressure to give the desired product (4.6 g, 30%) as a solid. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz): δ 9.06 (s, 1H), 7.59-7.51 (m, 4H), 7.45-7.40 (m, 1H), 3.00 (t, J=6.4 Hz, 2H), 2.58 (t, J=6.4 Hz, 2H), 2.21 (quintet, J=6.4 Hz, 2H). LCMS [M+H]: 213.

Step 2: Synthesis of 4-oxo-1-phenyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-indazole-5-carbaldehyde. To a stirred suspension of sodium (0.75 g, 33 mmol) in toluene (200 mL) was added 1-phenyl-6,7-dihydro-1H-indazol-4(5H)-one (2.6 g, 123 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred for 30 minutes and a solution of ethyl formate (2.22 mL, 276 mmol) in toluene (10 mL) was added over 10 minutes followed by absolute ethanol (1 mL). The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 40 hours. The reaction mixture was cautiously poured into ice-cooled water (100 mL). The organic layer was separated. The aqueous layer was extracted with diethylether (100 mL) and acidified with 6N HCl to a pH between 5 and 6. The aqueous layer was then extracted with dichloromethane (3×75 mL). The combined organic layer was dried using sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure to give a residue which on trituration with hexane gave the desired product (1.1 g, 32%) as a solid. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz): δ 10.75 (s, 1H), 8.00 (s, 1H), 7.61-7.54 (m, 5H), 7.48-7.45 (m, 1H), 3.00-2.96 (m, 2H), 2.76-2.70 (m, 2H); LCMS [M+H]: 241.

Step 3: Synthesis of (Z)-5-((dimethylamino)methylene)-1-phenyl-6,7-dihydro-1H-indazol-4(5H)-one. To a stirred solution of 4-oxo-1-phenyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-indazole-5-carbaldehyde (1.1 g, 4.58 mol) in toluene (50 mL) and diethylether (25 mL) was added dimethylamine (3 mL, 6 mmol) as a solution in THF (10 mL). The reaction was stirred for at room temperature for 40 hours. The reaction was then concentrated under reduced pressure to give a brown residue, which was triturated with hexane to give the desired product (1 g, 80%) as a solid. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz): δδ 7.91 (s, 1H), 7.59-7.53 (m, 4H), 7.45-7.42 (m, 1H), 7.36 (s, 1H), 3.07 (s, 6H), 2.95 (s, 4H); LCMS [M+H]: 267.

Step 4: Synthesis of 3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-8-phenyl-3,6,7,8-tetrahydrodipyrazolo[3,4-c:4′,3′-f]isoquinoline. To a mixture of (Z)-5-((dimethylamino)methylene)-1-phenyl-6,7-dihydro-1H-indazol-4(5H)-one (1 g, 3.74 mmol) and 1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-amine (3.5 g, 17.2 mmol) was added trifluoroacetic acid (0.8 mL, 10.3 mmol). The reaction mixture was heated at 100° C. for 2 hours. The reaction mixture was then poured into ice-cooled water (100 mL) and extracted with dichloromethane (3×75 mL). The combined organic extracts were dried using sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure to give a dark residue. The crude product was purified by flash column chromatography (SiO₂, gradient from 100% chloroform to 2% methanol in chloroform) to a residue, which was further purified by crystallization from methanol and isopropanol to give the pure desired product (0.8 g, 15%) as a solid. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz): δ 8.33 (s, 1H), 7.87 (s, 1H), 7.78 (s, 1H), 7.55-7.49 (m, 4H), 7.41-7.39 (m, 1H), 7.38 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 6.83 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 5.66 (s, 2H), 3.75 (s, 3H), 3.14-3.09 (m, 4H); LCMS [M+H]: 408.

Step 5: Synthesis of 8-phenyl-3,6,7,8-tetrahydrodipyrazolo[3,4-c:4′,3′-f]isoquinoline. A solution of 3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-8-phenyl-3,6,7,8-tetrahydrodipyrazolo[3,4-c:4′,3′-f]isoquinoline (0.7 g, 1.72 mmol) in trifluoroacetic acid (4 mL) was heated at 100° C. for 2 hours. The reaction mixture was poured into water (50 mL) and basified with aqueous potassium carbonate to pH of 11. The reaction mixture was then extracted with dichloromethane (3×75 mL). The combined organic extract was dried using sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure to give dark residue. The crude product was purified by flash column chromatography (SiO₂, gradient from 100% chloroform to 2% methanol in chloroform) to give a residue, which was further purified by crystallization from methanol and isopropanol to give the desired product (0.095 g, 18%) as a solid. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz): δ 13.43 (s, 1H), 8.17 (s, 1H), 8.03 (s, 1H), 8.02 (s, 1H), 7.98 (s, 1H), 7.64-7.55 (m, 4H), 7.45 (t, J=3.2 Hz, 1H), 3.12 (s, 4H); LCMS [M+H]: 288.

Example 70 Synthesis of 2-methyl-5,8-dihydro-4H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]thiazolo[5,4-f]isoquinoline

Step 1: Synthesis of 2-bromocyclohexane-1,3-dione. To a stirred solution of 1,3 Cyclohexandione (10 g, 89 mmol) in dichloromethane (22 mL) at 0° C. was added a solution of bromine (3.8 mL, 89 mmol) in dichloromethane (3 mL) over a period of 10 minutes. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1.5 hours. The reaction mixture was filtered and the residue washed with hexane (200 mL). The residue was taken into water (75 mL) and heated at 80° C. for 30 minutes. It was cooled to room temperature, filtered and dried under reduced pressure to give the desired product (14 g, 82%) as a solid. ESMS [M+H]: 191.

Step 2: Synthesis of 2-methyl-5,6-dihydrobenzo[d]thiazol-7(4H)-one. To a stirred solution of 2-bromocyclohexane-1,3-dione (8 g, 42 mmol) in pyridine (50 mL), was added thioacetamide (3.2 g, 42.5 mmol). The reaction mixture was heated at 100° C. for 16 hours. The solvent was then removed under reduced pressure the residue poured in water (250 mL). The reaction mixture was extracted with dichloromethane (3×100 mL). The organic extract was dried using anhydrous sodium sulfate, concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by flash column chromatography (Silica gel, gradient from 100% dichloromethane to 2% methanol in dichloromethane) to give the pure desired product (3 g, 42%) as a solid. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz): δ 3.01 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 2.74 (s, 3H), 2.60 (t, J=4 Hz, 2H), 2.20 (quintet, J=4 Hz, 2H); LCMS [M+H]: 168.

Step 3: Synthesis 2-methyl-7-oxo-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[d]thiazole-6-carbaldehyde. To a stirred suspension of sodium (2 g., 86.9 mmol) in toluene (150 mL) was added 2-methyl-5,6-dihydrobenzo[d]thiazol-7(4H)-one (7.5 g, 44.9 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred for 30 minutes and a solution of ethyl formate (8.55 g, 115 mmol) in toluene (15 mL) was added over 10 minutes followed by absolute ethanol (1 mL). The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 40 hours. The reaction mixture was cautiously poured into ice-cooled water (250 mL). The organic layer was separated. The aqueous layer was extracted with diethylether (100 mL) and acidified with 6N HCl to a pH between 5 and 6. The aqueous layer was then extracted with dichloromethane (3×100 mL). The combined organic layer was dried using sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure to give a residue which on trituration with hexane gave the desired product (2.0 g, 85%) as a solid. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz): δ 10.97 (s, 1H), 7.62 (s, 1H), 2.89 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 2H), 2.72 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 2H), 2.68 (s, 3H); LCMS [M+H]: 196.

Step 4: Synthesis of (Z)-6-((dimethylamino)methylene)-2-methyl-5,6-dihydrobenzo[d]thiazol-7(4H)-one. To a stirred solution of 2-methyl-7-oxo-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[d]thiazole-6-carbaldehyde (5 g, 25.6 mmol) in toluene (50 mL) and diethylether (25 mL) was added dimethylamine (15 mL, 35 mmol) as a solution in THF. The reaction was stirred for at room temperature for 40 hours. The reaction was then concentrated under reduced pressure to give a brown residue, which was triturated with hexane to give the desired product (5.0 g, 87%) as a solid. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz): δ 7.35 (s, 1H), 3.10 (s, 6H), 2.98 (t, J=6.2 Hz, 2H), 2.82 (t, J=6.2 Hz, 2H), 2.65 (s, 3H); LCMS [M+H]: 223.

Step 5: Synthesis of 8-(4-methoxybenzyl)-2-methyl-5,8-dihydro-4H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]thiazolo[5,4-f]isoquinoline. To a mixture of (Z)-6-((dimethylamino)methylene)-2-methyl-5,6-dihydrobenzo[d]thiazol-7(4H)-one (3.5 g, 16.9 mmol) and 1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-amine (3.5 g, 17.2 mmol) was added trifluoroacetic acid (2.3 mL, 29.2 mmol). The reaction mixture was heated at 100° C. for 2 hours. The reaction mixture was then poured into ice-cooled water (100 mL) and extracted with dichloromethane (3×75 mL). The combined organic extracts were dried using sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure to give a dark residue. The crude product was purified by flash column chromatography (SiO₂, gradient from 100% chloroform to 2% methanol in chloroform) to a residue, which was further purified by crystallization from methanol and isopropanol to give the pure desired product (0.8 g, 19%) as a solid. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz): δ 7.86 (s, 1H), 7.76 (s, 1H), 7.36 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 6.82 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 5.59 (s, 2H), 3.75 (s, 3H), 3.17 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 3.09 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 2.77 (s, 3H); LCMS [M+H]: 363.

Step 6: Synthesis of 2-methyl-5,8-dihydro-4H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]thiazolo[5,4-f]isoquinoline. A solution of 8-(4-methoxybenzyl)-2-methyl-5,8-dihydro-4H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]thiazolo[5,4-f]isoquinoline (0.6 g, 1.65 mmol) in trifluoroacetic acid (4 mL) was heated at 100° C. for 2 hours. The reaction mixture was poured into water (50 mL) and basified with aqueous potassium carbonate to pH of 11. The reaction mixture was then extracted with dichloromethane (3×75 mL). The combined organic extract was dried using sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure to give dark residue. The crude product was purified by flash column chromatography (SiO₂, gradient from 100% chloroform to 2% methanol in chloroform) to give a residue, which was further purified by crystallization from methanol and isopropanol to give the desired product (0.076 g, 13%) as a solid. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz): δ 13.49 (s, 1H), 8.04 (s, 1H), 8.02 (s, 1H), 3.16 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 3.0 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 2.70 (s, 3H); LCMS [M+H]: 243.

Example 71 Synthesis of 3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine

Step 1: Synthesis of tert-butyl 3-((dimethylamino)methylene)-4-oxopiperidine-1-carboxylate. To a solution of tert-butyl 4-oxopiperidine-1-carboxylate (10 g, 50.25 mmol) in DMF (500 mL) at room temperature was added DMF-DMA (14.9 g, 125.62 mmol). The reaction mixture was heated at 100° C. for 48 hours. After completion of reaction the solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the resulting residue dissolved in EtOAc (300 mL) and extracted with water (2×200 mL). This organic layer was dried using sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure to give crude desired product, tert-butyl 3-((dimethylamino)methylene)-4-oxopiperidine-1-carboxylate (10.2 g, 79%), which was used in the next step without any further purification. LCMS [M+H]:255.

Step 2: Synthesis of tert-butyl 3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7(6H)-carboxylate. A mixture of tert-butyl-3-((dimethylamino)methylene)-4-oxopiperidine-1-carboxylate (10.2 g, 40.15 mmol) and 1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-amine (8.55 g, 42.16 mmol) were heated at 130° C. for 48 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled and the crude product was purified by flash column chromatography (SiO2, gradient from 100% CH₂Cl₂ to 5% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂) to give the desired product tert-butyl 3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7(6H)-carboxylate as an off white solid (3.5 g, 22%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.26 (s, 1H), 7.99 (s, 1H), 7.14 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.81 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 5.62 (s, 2H), 4.71 (s, 2H), 3.82-3.74 (m, 5H), 3.07 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 1.44 (s, 9H). LCMS [M+H]: 395.

Step 3: Synthesis of 3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine. To a solution of tert-butyl 3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7(6H)-carboxylate (3.5 g, 8.8 mmol) in dichloromethane (35 mL) at room temperature was added trifluoroacetic acid (5.04 g, 44.4 mmol) in a drop wise manner. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 5 hours. Once the reaction was complete the solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the resulting residue was triturated with diethyl ether to give a solid. The solid was filtered, washed with diethyl ether and dried under reduce pressure. The dried solid was then dissolved in water and basified with saturated Na₂CO₃ solution. The aqueous layer was extracted with 10% methanol in CH₂Cl₂ (3×150 mL). The organic extracts were combined, dried using sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to give a residue. The residue was triturated with hexane to afford the pure desired product 3-(4-methoxy-benzyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine as a white solid (2.1 g, 80%). M.p.=96-102° C. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.22 (s, 1H), 7.93 (s, 1H), 7.26 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 6.80 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 5.61 (s, 2H), 4.11 (s, 2H), 3.73 (s, 3H), 3.219 (t, J=6 Hz, 2H), 3.016 (t, J=6 Hz, 2H) LCMS [M+H]: 295.

General Procedure F: Compounds of the present invention can be conveniently prepared by the general procedure illustrated below:

Example 72 Synthesis of 6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridin-7-ium 2,2,2-trifluoroacetate

A solution of 3-(4-methoxy-benzyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine (1.90 g, 6.46 mmol) in trifluoroacetic acid (20 mL) was heated at 65° C. for 16 hours. On completion of the reaction, toluene (10 mL) was added and the reaction mixture evaporated to dryness under reduced pressure to give the desired product as a dark brown gel. The crude product was triturated with 1,4-dioxane. The resulting solid was filtered to give the desired product, 6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridin-7-ium 2,2,2-trifluoroacetate as a tan powder (2.52 g, 97%)

Alternatively the product can be purified using reverse phase HPLC. M.p.=224-227° C.; 400 MHz ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ: 13.78 (br s, 1H), 9.33 (s, 1H), 8.39 (s, 1H), 8.23 (s, 1H), 4.43 (s, 2H), 3.52 (t, J=6 Hz, 2H), 3.30 (t, J=6 Hz, 2H); LCMS [M+H]: 175.

General Procedure G-1: Compounds of the present invention can be conveniently prepared by the general procedure illustrated below:

Example 73 Synthesis of 1-bromo-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridin-7-ium 2,2,2-trifluoroacetate

To tert-butyl 1-bromo-8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7(6H)-carboxylate (0.23 g, 0.43 mmol) was added trifluoroacetic acid (2 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes. On completion of the reaction, toluene (3 mL) and 1,4-dioxane (2 mL) were added and the solvents removed under reduced pressure. The crude product, 1-bromo-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridin-7-ium 2,2,2-trifluoroacetate was obtained as brown foam and was used in the next step without any further purification. LCMS [M+H]: 253.

Example 74 Synthesis of 3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinolin-7-amine

Step 1: Synthesis of (E)-tert-butyl 3-((dimethylamino)methylene)-4-oxocyclohexylcarbamate. A solution of tert-butyl 4-oxocyclohexylcarbamate (10 g, 0.046 mol) in 1,1-dimethoxy-N,N-dimethylmethanamine (50 mL) was heated at 100° C. for 15 hours. 1,1-dimethoxy-N,N-dimethylmethanamine was then removed under reduced pressure. The crude desired product, (E)-tert-butyl 3-((dimethylamino)methylene)-4-oxocyclohexylcarbamate obtained as an oil was used in the next reaction without any purification. LCMS [M+H}: 269.

Step 2: Synthesis of 3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinolin-7-amine. A mixture of crude (E)-tert-butyl 3-((dimethylamino)methylene)-4-oxocyclohexylcarbamate (2 g, 7.87 mmol) (obtained from step-1) and 1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-1H-pyrzol-5-amine (1.78 g, 8.66 mmol) in acetic acid (20 mL) were heated at 110° C. for 48 h. The reaction was cooled to room temperature and basified to pH=11 using 50% aqueous NaOH solution. The reaction mixture was extracted with EtOAc (2×100 mL). The organic extracts were combined, dried using sodium sulfate, and solvent removed under reduced pressure. The desired crude product, 3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinolin-7-amine obtained was used in the next reaction without any purification. LCMS [M+H]: 309

Step 3: Synthesis of tert-butyl 3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinolin-7-ylcarbamate. To a solution of crude 3-(4-methoxy-benzyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinolin-7-amine (8.0 g, 20.2 mmol) (obtained from Step-2) in tetrahydrofuran (80 mL) was added di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (4.84 g, 22.0 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred for at room temperature for 4 hours. To the reaction mixture was then added water and extracted with EtOAc (2×150 mL). The organic extracts were combined, dried using sodium sulfate and solvent removed under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified using flash column chromatography (SiO₂, 25% EtOAc in hexanes) to give the desired product, tert-butyl 3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinolin-7-ylcarbamate (3.5 g, 33%) as a yellow solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.88 (s, 1H), 7.65 (s, 1H), 7.15 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 2H), 6.91 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 2H), 5.6 (s, 2H), 4.63 (bs, 1H), 4.13 (bs, 1H), 3.78 (s, 3H), 3.15-3.27 (m, 3H), 2.79 (dd, J=9.6, 15.6 Hz, 1H), 2.28-2.16 (m, 1H), 1.98-1.84 (m, 1H), 1.45 (s, 9H). LC-Mass: m/e 409 (M+H).

Step 4: Synthesis of 3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinolin-7-amine. To a solution of tert-butyl 3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinolin-7-ylcarbamate (3.0 g, 8.8 mmol) in dichloromethane (30 mL) was added trifluoroacetic acid (10 mL). The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 3 hours. The solvent was then removed under reduced pressure to give an oily residue that was triturated in diethyl ether to give a solid. The solid was filtered, washed with diethyl ether and dried under reduced pressure to give the desired product 3-(4-methoxy-benzyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinolin-7-ylamine (TFA salt) as a brown solid (2.1 g, 92%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.08 (bs, 2H), 8.07 (s, 1H), 8.02 (s, 1H), 7.161 (d, 2H, J=8.4 Hz), 6.84 (d, 2H, J=8.8 Hz), 5.53 (s, 2H), 3.69 (s, 3H), 3.67-3.52 (m, 1H) 3.23 (dd, J=4.4, 16 Hz, 1H), 3.16-3.04 (m, 2H), 2.930 (dd, J=9.6, 15.6 Hz, 1H), 2.19-2.29 (m, 1H), 1.85-1.98 (m, 1H). LCMS [M+H]: 309.

Example 75 Synthesis of 2-chloro-2-phenyl-1-(1-phenyl-8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridin-7(6H)-yl)ethanone

Step 1 Example 76 Synthesis of tert-butyl 8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7(6H)-carboxylate

Step (i): A solution of 3-(4-methoxy-benzyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine (0.50 g, 1.70 mmol) in trifluoroacetic acid (3 mL) was heated in a 40 mL vial at 65° C. for 16 hours. On completion of the reaction, toluene (2 mL) was added. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure to give a dark brown foamy solid (LCMS [M+H]: 175). M.p.=224-227° C.; 400 MHz ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ: 13.78 (br s, 1H), 9.33 (s, 1H), 8.39 (s, 1H), 8.23 (s, 1H), 4.43 (s, 2H), 3.52 (t, J=6 Hz, 2H), 3.30 (t, J=6 Hz, 2H); LCMS [M+H]: 175. Step (ii): To the residue obtained above was added dichloromethane (10 mL) and Et₃N (2 mL). The mixture was vortexed to ensure that dissolution followed by addition of di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (0.39 mL, 1.70 mmol). The reaction was then stirred at room temperature for 3 h. To the reaction mixture was added water (10 mL) and EtOAc (20 mL). The organic layer was separated, washed with brine (2×20 mL), dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to give residue. The crude product was purified using flash column chromatography (SiO₂, 50% EtOAc in hexanes) to give the desired product, tert-butyl 8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7(6H)-carboxylate (0.38 g, 82%) as a white solid. M.p.=>70° C.; 400 MHz ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ: 13.57 (s, 1H), 8.34 (s, 1H), 8.14 (s, 1H), 4.64 (s, 1H), 4.64 (s, 2H), 3.67 (t, J=6 Hz, 2H), 3.06 (t, J=6 Hz, 2H), 1.44 (s, 9H); LCMS [M+H]: 275.

Step 2 Example 77 Synthesis of tert-butyl 1-bromo-8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7(6H)-carboxylate

To a solution of tert-butyl 8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7(6H)-carboxylate (0.301 g, 1.09 mmol) in dichloromethane (10 mL) was added N-bromosuccinimide (0.293 g, 1.64 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours. The reaction was quenched by adding aqueous Na₂CO₃. The organic layer was separated, washed with brine (10 mL), dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to give a residue. The crude product was purified by flash column chromatography (SiO₂, 30% EtOAc in hexanes) to give the desired product. tert-butyl 1-bromo-8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7(6H)-carboxylate (0.258 g, 67%) as a foamy white solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 13.94 (s, 1H), 8.40 (s, 1H), 4.63 (s, 2H), 3.67 (m, 2H), 3.28 (m, 2H), 1.44 (s, 9H); LCMS [M+H]: 353.

Step-3 Synthesis of tert-butyl 1-phenyl-8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7(6H)-carboxylate

To a solution of tert-butyl 1-bromo-8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7(6H)-carboxylate (0.540 g, 1.53 mmol) in toluene (8 mL) and ethanol (4 mL) was added phenyl bronic acid (0.371 g, 3.07 mmol) followed by Na₂CO₃ (0.96 g, 9.18 mmol) as a solution in water (10 mL). The mixture was vortexed and 1,1-Bis(Di-t-butylphosphino)Ferrocene Palladium dichloride (BDtPFPdCl₂, CAS#95408-45-0, 0.025 g) was added to the reaction mixture. The reaction was then purged with nitrogen and heated at 90° C. for 16 hours. On completion of the reaction, EtOAc (50 mL) and water (50 mL) was added. The organic layer was separated, washed with brine (2×20 mL), dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to give the crude product. The crude product was purified using flash column chromatography (SiO₂, 50% EtOAc in hexane) to give the pure desired product, tert-butyl 1-phenyl-8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7(6H)-carboxylate (0.278 g, 52%) as a white foamy solid. M.p.=>65° C.; 400 MHz ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ: 13.72 (s, 1H), 8.38 (s, 1H), 7.73-7.62 (m, 2H), 7.56-7.42 (m, 3H), 4.65 (s, 2H), 3.54-3.45 (m, 2H), 2.88-2.8 (m, 2H), 1.44 (s, 9H); LCMS [M+H]: 351.

Step 4 Example 78 Synthesis of 1-phenyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridin-7-ium chloride

To a solution of tert-butyl 1-phenyl-8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7(6H)-carboxylate (0.21 g, 0.60 mmol) in dichloromethane (5 mL) was added 4 M solution of HCl gas in 1,4-dioxane (1.5 mL, 6.0 mmol). The reaction was shaken at room temperature for 16 hours. A yellow solid precipitated out in the reaction mixture, which was filtered to give the pure desired product, 1-phenyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridin-7-ium chloride (0.184 g, 95%) as a yellow solid; M.p.=265° C. decomposition; 400 MHz ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ: 13.91 (s, 1H), 9.39 (s, 2H), 8.43 (s, 1H), 7.62-7.46 (m, 5H), 4.44-3.38 (m, 2H), 3.38-3.2 (m, 2H), 3.01 (t, J=6.4 Hz, 2H); LCMS [M+H]: 251.

Step 5 Synthesis of 2-chloro-2-phenyl-1-(1-phenyl-8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridin-7(6H)-yl)ethanone

To a suspension of 1-phenyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridin-7-ium chloride (0.184 g, 0.57 mmol) in dichloromethane (15 mL) was added Hunig's Base (0.45 mL, 2.56 mmol). The mixture was vortexed to ensure dissolution of the reagents followed by the addition of 2-chloro-2-phenylacetyl chloride (0.103 mL, 0.64 mmol). Dimethylformamide (6 mL) and 2-chloro-2-phenylacetyl chloride (15 μL, 0.093 mmol)) was then added and the reaction stirred for another 30 minute at room temperature. On completion of the reaction, water (30 mL) were added and the aqueous layer extracted with EtOAc (50 mL). The organic layer was separated, washed with brine (2×10 mL), dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to give the crude product. The crude product was purified using flash column chromatography (SiO₂, gradient from 60% EtOAc in hexane to 66% EtOAc in hexane) to give the pure desired product, 2-chloro-2-phenyl-1-(1-phenyl-8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridin-7(6H)-yl)ethanone as an off-white solid (0.120 g, 52%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 13.72 (s, 1H), 8.40/8.25 (s, 1H, rotamers), 7.47 (m, 10H), 6.48 (s, 1H), 4.88 (m, 2H), 3.66 (m, 2H), 2.68 and 2.34 (m, 2H, rotamers); LCMS [M+H]: 403.

General Procedure G-2: Compounds of the present invention can be conveniently prepared by the general procedure illustrated below:

Example 79 Synthesis of 1-methyl-4-(2-oxo-1-phenyl-2-(1-phenyl-8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridin-7(6H)-yl)ethyl)piperazin-1-ium 2,2,2-trifluoroacetate

To a solution of 2-chloro-2-phenyl-1-(1-phenyl-3,6,8,9-tetrahydro-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridin-7-yl)-ethanone (0.031 g, 0.077 mmol) in DMSO (3 mL) was added triethylamine (54 μL, 0.38 mmol) followed by 1-methyl piperizine (17 μL, 0.154 mmol) and catalytic amount tetra-butylammonium iodide. The mixture was heated at 100° C. for 16 hours. On completion of the reaction, the solvent was removed under reduced pressure to give the crude desired product. The crude product was purified using reverse phase HPLC to give the pure desired product, 1-methyl-4-(2-oxo-1-phenyl-2-(1-phenyl-8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridin-7(6H)-yl)ethyl)piperazin-1-ium 2,2,2-trifluoroacetate (0.039 g, 58%) was obtained as a pale tan solid. ¹H NMR (400 Hz, (DMSO-d₆) 13.7 (brs, 1H), 8.40/8.20 (s, 1H, rotamers), 7.49 (m, 10H), 5.03 (m, 1H), 4.72 (m, 2H), 3.55 (m, 2H), 3.35 (m, 2H), 3.00 (m, 4H), 2.79 (m, 2H), 2.75/2.51 (s, 3H), 2.18 (m, 2H); LCMS [M+H]:467.31 (M+H).

Example 80 Synthesis of 2-{[2-oxo-1-phenyl-2-(1-phenyl-3,6,8,9-tetrahydro-7H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridin-7-yl)ethyl]amino}ethanol

The compound 2-{[2-oxo-1-phenyl-2-(1-phenyl-3,6,8,9-tetrahydro-7H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridin-7-yl)ethyl]amino}ethanol was synthesized using 2-chloro-2-phenyl-1-(1-phenyl-8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridin-7(6H)-yl)ethanone and 2-aminoethanol as described in general procedure G-2. The product was obtained as TFA salt and as a yellow solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ13.70 (s, 1H), 9.35 (brs, 1H), 9.22 (brs, 1H), 8.42/8.21 (s, 1H, rotamers), 7.48 (m, 10H), 5.71 (m, 1H), 5.03-4.76 (m, 2H), 3.66-3.49 (m, 4H), 2.92 (m, 2H), 2.74 (m, 2H); LCMS [M+H]: 428.

Example 81 Synthesis of N,N-dimethyl-N′-[2-oxo-1-phenyl-2-(1-phenyl-3,6,8,9-tetrahydro-7H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridin-7-yl)ethyl]ethane-1,2-diamine

The compound N,N-dimethyl-N′-[2-oxo-1-phenyl-2-(1-phenyl-3,6,8,9-tetrahydro-7H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridin-7-yl)ethyl]ethane-1,2-diamine was synthesized using 2-chloro-2-phenyl-1-(1-phenyl-8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridin-7(6H)-yl)ethanone and N1,N1-dimethylethane-1,2-diamine as described in general procedure G-2. The product was obtained as bis-TFA salt and as yellow solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ13.65 (s, 1H), 8.43/8.18 (s, 1H, rotamers), 7.59-7.32 (m, 10H), 5.71 (m, 1H), 5.06-4.70 (m, 2H), 3.51-3.00 (m, 8H), 2.81 (s, 3H), 2.54 (s, 3H); LCMS [M+H]: 455.

Example 82 Synthesis of 1-(1-bromo-8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridin-7(6H)-yl)-2-chloro-2-phenylethanone

Step 1: Synthesis of 2-chloro-1-(3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridin-7(6H)-yl)-2-phenylethanone. To a solution of 3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine (1.536 g, 5.22 mmol) in anhydrous dichloromethane (20 mL) was added triethylamine (2.18 mL, 15.66 mmol) followed by 2-chloro-2-phenylacetyl chloride (90%, 1.05 mL, 6.52 mmol). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. The reaction was quenched by the addition of water (10 mL). The reaction mixture was extracted with dichloromethane (10 mL) and the organic layer washed with brine (2×10 mL), dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to give the crude product. The crude product was purified by flash column chromatography (SiO₂, gradient from 40% EtOAc in hexanes to 50% EtOAc in hexanes) to give the desired product, 2-chloro-1-(3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridin-7(6H)-yl)-2-phenylethanone as an off-white solid (1.99 g, 85%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.43/8.24 (s, 1H, rotamers), 8.15/8.12 (s, 1H, rotamers), 7.52 (m, 2H), 7.40 (m, 3H), 7.17 (m, 2H), 6.83 (m, 2H), 6.53/6.48 (s, 1H, rotamers), 5.56 (s, 2H), 5.02-4.70 (m, 2H), 3.84 (m, 2H), 3.68 (s, 3H), 3.11/2.67 (m, 2H, rotamers); LCMS [M+H]: 447.

Step 2: Synthesis of 2-chloro-1-(8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridin-7(6H)-yl)-2-phenylethanone. To 2-chloro-1-(3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridin-7(6H)-yl)-2-phenylethanone (0.60 g, 1.34 mmol) was added trifluoroacetic acid (2 mL). The reaction mixture was heated at 65° C. for 16 hours. On completion of the reaction, 1,4-dioxane (5 mL) and toluene (5 mL) were added and the solvent removed under reduced pressure to give the crude product. The crude product was then partitioned between dichloromethane (20 mL) and water (20 mL). The organic layer was separated, washed with brine (2×10 mL), dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by flash column chromatography (SiO₂, gradient 60% EtOAc in hexane to 80% EtOAc in hexane) to give the pure desired product, 2-chloro-1-(8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridin-7(6H)-yl)-2-phenylethanone as a white foamy solid (0.360 g, 83%). LCMS [M+H]: 327.

Step 3: Synthesis of 1-(1-bromo-8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridin-7(6H)-yl)-2-chloro-2-phenylethanone. To a solution of 2-chloro-1-(8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridin-7(6H)-yl)-2-phenylethanone (0.340 g, 1.04 mmol) in dichloromethane (20 mL) was added N-bromosuccinimide (NBS, 0.195 g, 1.09 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred for 16 hours at room temperature. During the reaction a yellow solid crashed out. The reaction was quenched by addition of aqueous NaHCO₃. The aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (2×200 mL). The combined organic layer was dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to give crude 1-(1-bromo-8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridin-7(6H)-yl)-2-chloro-2-phenylethanone as a pale yellow solid (0.38 g, 90%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ11.08 (brs, 1H), 8.43 (s, 1H), 7.52-7.39 (m, 5H), 6.52 (s, 1H), 4.80 (m, 2H), 3.85 (m, 2H), 3.28 (m, 2H); LCMS [M+H]: 405. The product was used in the next step without any further purification.

General Procedure G-3: Compounds of the present invention can be conveniently prepared by the general procedure illustrated below:

Example 83 Synthesis of 2-(1-bromo-8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridin-7(6H)-yl)-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-oxo-1-phenylethanaminium 2,2,2-trifluoroacetate

To a solution of 1-(1-bromo-8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridin-7(6H)-yl)-2-chloro-2-phenylethanone (0.096 g, 0.23 mmol) in DMSO (3 mL) and 1,4-dioxane (3 mL) was added Hunig's Base (0.20 mL, 1.15 mmol) followed by 2-aminoethanol (0.029 g, 0.46 mmol) and catalytic amount of tetra-n-butylammonium iodide. The reaction mixture was heated at 100° C. for 16 hours. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the crude product was purified using reverse phase HPLC to give the pure desired product, 2-(1-bromo-8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridin-7(6H)-yl)-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-oxo-1-phenylethanaminium 2,2,2-trifluoroacetate as a tan solid (0.028 g, 17%). M.p.>115° C.; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ13.98 (s, 1H), 9.36 (brs, 1H), 9.18 (brs, 1H), 8.45/8.19 (s, 1H, rotamers), 7.40-7.62 (m, 5H), 5.75 (m, 1H), 4.96 (d, J=17.2 Hz, 1H), 4.76 (d, J=17.2 Hz, 1H), 3.65 (m, 4H), 3.25 (m, 1H), 2.91 (m, 1H), 2.65 (m, 2H); LCMS [M+H]: 430.

Example 84 Synthesis of N-(2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl)-2-(8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridin-7(6H)-yl)-2-oxo-1-phenylethanaminium 2,2,2-trifluoroacetate

The compound, N-(2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl)-2-(8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridin-7(6H)-yl)-2-oxo-1-phenylethanaminium 2,2,2-trifluoroacetate was prepared using 2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethanamine and 2-chloro-1-(8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridin-7(6H)-yl)-2-phenylethanone as described in general procedure G-3. The product was obtained as a TFA salt and as a tan solid (0.058 g, 19%). M.p.>164° C.; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ10.95 (brs, 1H), 9.53 (brs, 1H), 9.47 (brs, 1H), 8.39/8.12 (s, 1H, rotamers), 8.11/8.05 (s, 1H, rotamers), 7.63-7.32 (m, 6H), 7.20-6.97 (m, 4H), 5.81 (m, 1H), 5.81 (m, 1H), 4.96-4.78 (m, 2H), 4.09/3.69 (m, 2H, rotamers), 3.13-2.89 (m, 5H), 2.30 (m 1H); LCMS [M+H]: 451.

Example 85 1-(8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridin-7(6H)-yl)-2-(3-methoxypropylamino)-2-phenylethanone

The compound, 1-(8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridin-7(6H)-yl)-2-(3-methoxypropylamino)-2-phenylethanone was prepared using 3-methoxypropan-1-amine and 2-chloro-1-(8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridin-7(6H)-yl)-2-phenylethanone as described in general procedure G-3. The product was obtained as TFA salt and was a yellow colored solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ13.58 (s, 1H), 9.31 (brs, 2H), 8.38-8.06 (m, 2H), 7.67-7.34 (m, 5H), 5.74 (m, 1H), 5.00-4.75 (m, 2H), 4.39-2.54 (m, 11H), 1.24 (m, 2H); LCMS [M+H]: 380.

Example 86 1-(8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridin-7(6H)-yl)-2-phenyl-2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethanone

The compound, 1-(8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridin-7(6H)-yl)-2-phenyl-2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethanone was prepared using piperidine and 2-chloro-1-(8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridin-7(6H)-yl)-2-phenylethanone as described in general procedure G-3. The product was obtained as a TFA salt and as a tan hard gel. LCMS [M+H]: 376.

Example 87 1-(8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridin-7(6H)-yl)-2-phenyl-2-(4-(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)piperazin-1-yl)ethanone

The compound, 1-(8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridin-7(6H)-yl)-2-phenyl-2-(4-(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)piperazin-1-yl)ethanone was prepared using 1-(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)piperazine and 2-chloro-1-(8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridin-7(6H)-yl)-2-phenylethanone as described in general procedure G-3. The product was obtained as a bis-TFA salt and as a tan gel. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.69 (m, 2H), 8.38/8.14 (s, 1H, rotamers), 8.12/8.08 (s, 1H, rotamers), 8.05 (m, 2H), 7.68-7.34 (m, 6H), 5.75 (m, 1H), 4.98-4.78 (m, 2H), 4.29 (s, 2H), 3.96-3.69 (m, 4H), 3.39-2.54 (m, 10H); LCMS [M+H]: 468.

Example 88 1-(8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridin-7(6H)-yl)-2-phenyl-2-(3-(piperidin-1-yl)propylamino)ethanone

The compound, 1-(8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridin-7(6H)-yl)-2-phenyl-2-(3-(piperidin-1-yl)propylamino)ethanone was prepared using 3-(piperidin-1-yl)propan-1-amine and 2-chloro-1-(8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridin-7(6H)-yl)-2-phenylethanone as described in general procedure G-3. The product was obtained as a bis-TFA salt and as hard tan gel. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ13.58 (brs, 1H), 9.54 (brs, 1H), 9.17 (brs, 1H), 8.39/8.13 (s, 1H, rotamers), 8.09/8.05 (s, 1H, rotamers), 7.57-7.41 (m, 5H), 5.78 (m, 1H), 4.97-4.71 (m, 2H), 3.75-3.59 (m, 2H), 3.27-2.84 (m, 8H), 2.01-1.11 (m, 10H); LCMS [M+H]: 433.

Example 89 2-(benzylamino)-1-(8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridin-7(6H)-yl)-2-phenylethanone

The compound, 2-(benzylamino)-1-(8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridin-7(6H)-yl)-2-phenylethanone was prepared using benzyl amine and 2-chloro-1-(8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridin-7(6H)-yl)-2-phenylethanone as described in general procedure G-3. The product was obtained as a bis-TFA salt and as a yellow foamy solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 13.59 (brs, 1H), 9.85 (brs, 1H), 9.60 (brs, 1H), 8.38/8.14 (s, 1H, rotamers), 8.13/8.06 (s, 1H, rotamers), 7.63-7.27 (m, 10H), 5.81 & 5.76 (m, 1H, rotamers), 4.92-4.74 (m, 2H), 4.12 (m, 2H), 3.64 (m, 2H), 2.99 (m, 2H); LCMS [M+H]: 398.

General Procedure H: Compounds of the present invention can be conveniently prepared by the general procedure illustrated below:

Example 90 Synthesis of 4-(2-(1-bromo-8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridin-7(6H)-yl)-2-oxo-1-phenylethyl)piperazin-1-ium chloride

Step 1 Example 91

Synthesis of tert-butyl 4-(2-(1-bromo-8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridin-7(6H)-yl)-2-oxo-1-phenylethyl)piperazine-1-carboxylate. To a solution of 1-(1-bromo-8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridin-7(6H)-yl)-2-chloro-2-phenylethanone (0.38 g, 0.94 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (15 mL) was added Hunig's Base (0.50 mL, 2.82 mmol) and tert-butyl piperazine-1-carboxylate (0.349 g, 1.88 mmol). The reaction mixture was heated at 100° C. for 16 hours. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the crude product was purified using (SiO₂, gradient from 80% EtOAc in hexanes to 100% EtOAc in hexane) to give the desired product, tert-butyl 4-(2-(1-bromo-8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridin-7(6H)-yl)-2-oxo-1-phenylethyl)piperazine-1-carboxylate as a white solid (0.188 g, 41%). M.p.=159-161° C.; 400 MHz ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ: 13.95 (s, 1H), 8.41 (s, 1H), 7.46-7.2 (m, 5H), 5.07-4.65 (m, 3H), 4.0-3.7 (m, 2H), 3.3-3.1 (m, 5H), 2.95-2.85 (m, 1H), 2.53-2.3 (m, 4H), 1.35 (s, 9H); LCMS [M+H]: 555.

Step 2: Synthesis of 4-(2-(1-bromo-8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridin-7(6H)-yl)-2-oxo-1-phenylethyl)piperazin-1-ium chloride. To a solution of tert-butyl 4-(2-(1-bromo-8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridin-7(6H)-yl)-2-oxo-1-phenylethyl)piperazine-1-carboxylate (0.075 g, 0.17 mmol) in dichloromethane (12 mL) and 1,4-dioxane (6 mL) was added a 4 M solution of HCl gas in 1,4-dioxane (0.82 mL, 3.4 mmol). The reaction was shaken at room temperature for 16 hours. During the reaction a pale tan solid precipitate was formed. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure to give the pure desired product, 4-(2-(1-bromo-8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridin-7(6H)-yl)-2-oxo-1-phenylethyl)piperazin-1-ium chloride (0.064 g, 71%) as an tan solid. M.p.>245° C.; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ13.98 (s, 1H), 9.92 (brs, 2H), 8.44/8.21 (s, 1H, rotamers), 7.44-7.68 (m, 5H), 6.28 (m, 1H), 4.75-4.92 (m, 2H), 4.11 (m, 8H), 3.90 (m, 1H), 3.66 (m, 1H), 3.29 (m, 1H), 2.62 (m, 1H); LCMS [M+H]: 455.

Example 92 Synthesis of 2-(8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridin-7(6H)-yl)-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-oxo-1-phenylethanaminium 2,2,2-trifluoroacetate

Step 1: Synthesis of N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-(3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridin-7(6H)-yl)-2-oxo-1-phenylethanaminium 2,2,2-trifluoroacetate. The compound, N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-(3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridin-7(6H)-yl)-2-oxo-1-phenylethanaminium 2,2,2-trifluoroacetate was prepared using 2-aminoethanol and 2-chloro-1-(3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridin-7(6H)-yl)-2-phenylethanone as described in general procedure G-3 and was obtained as a yellow foamy solid (0.195 g, 60%). M.p.>70° C.; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.35 (brs, 1H), 9.22 (brs, 1H), 8.45/8.18 (s, 1H, rotamers), 8.15/8.10 (1H, rotamers), 7.61 (m, 2H), 7.50 (m, 2H), 7.34 (m, 1H), 7.15 (m, 2H), 6.83 (m, 2H), 5.75 (m, 1H), 5.56 (s, 2H), 4.87 (m, 2H), 3.96 (m, 1H), 3.70 (m, 1H), 3.69 (s, 3H), 3.65 (m, 2H), 3.02 (m, 2H), 2.71 & 2.36 (m, 2H, rotamers); LCMS [M+H]: 472.

Step 2: Synthesis of 2-(8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridin-7(6H)-yl)-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-oxo-1-phenylethanaminium 2,2,2-trifluoroacetate. The compound, 2-(8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridin-7(6H)-yl)-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-oxo-1-phenylethanaminium 2,2,2-trifluoroacetate was prepared as described in the general procedure F. The crude product was purified using reverse phase HPLC and was obtained as a pale yellow foamy solid (0.049 g, 57%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 13.58 (brs, 1H), 8.34 (brs, 1H), 8.19 (brs, 1H), 8.38/8.14 (s, 1H, rotamers), 8.13/8.07 (s, 1H, rotamers), 7.63-7.38 (m, 5H), 5.76 (m, 1H), 4.85 (m, 2H), 3.79-3.63 (m, 4H), 3.06 (m, 4H); LCMS [M+H]: 352.

Example 93 Synthesis of (S)-2-(8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridin-7(6H)-yl)-2-oxo-1-phenylethanaminium 2,2,2-trifluoroacetate

Step 1: Compound 9: Synthesis of (S)-tert-butyl 2-(3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridin-7(6H)-yl)-2-oxo-1-phenylethylcarbamate. To a solution of 3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine (0.188 g, 0.64 mmol) in anhydrous dichloromethane (5 mL) was added (S)-2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl 2-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-2-phenylacetate (0.333 g, 1.04 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the crude product was purified using flash column chromatography (SiO₂, gradient from 33% EtOAc in hexane to 50% EtOAc in hexane) to give the pure desired product, (S)-tert-butyl 2-(3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridin-7(6H)-yl)-2-oxo-1-phenylethylcarbamate as a white solid (0.258 g, 76%). M.p. 95-110° C.; ¹H NMR (400 MHz at 60° C., DMSO-d₆) δ 8.20 (s, 1H), 9.07 (s, 1H), 7.39-7.15 (m, 7H), 6.82 (m, 2H), 5.69 (m, 1H), 5.54 (s, 2H), 4.83 (m, 2H), 3.78 (m, 2H), 3.69 (s, 3H), 3.15 (s, 1H), 3.00 (m, 1H), 1.34 (s, 9H); LCMS [M+H]: 528.

Step 2: Compound 8: Synthesis of (S)-2-(3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridin-7(6H)-yl)-2-oxo-1-phenylethanaminium 2,2,2-trifluoroacetate. To a solution of (S)-tert-butyl 2-(3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridin-7(6H)-yl)-2-oxo-1-phenylethylcarbamate (0.23 g, 0.43 mmol) in dichloromethane (10 mL) was added trifluoroacetic acid (3 mL). The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 16 hours. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the crude product was purified using reverse phase HPLC to give the pure desired product (S)-2-(3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridin-7(6H)-yl)-2-oxo-1-phenylethanaminium 2,2,2-trifluoroacetate as a pale yellow solid (0.131 g, 50%). M.p.>115° C.; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.60 (brs, 2H), 8.45/8.15 (s, 1H, rotamers), 8.12/8.08 (s, 1H, rotamers), 7.55-7.33 (m, 5H), 7.17 (m, 2H), 6.82 (m, 2H), 5.75 (m, 1H), 5.55 (s, 2H), 4.97-4.35 (m, 2H), 4.02/3.74 (m, 2H, rotamers), 3.01/2.30 (m, 2H, rotamers); LC-Mass: m/e 428.57 (M+H). LCMS [M+H]: 428.

Step 3: Synthesis of (S)-2-(8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridin-7(6H)-yl)-2-oxo-1-phenylethanaminium 2,2,2-trifluoroacetate. To (S)-2-(3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridin-7(6H)-yl)-2-oxo-1-phenylethanaminium 2,2,2-trifluoroacetate (0.109 g, 0.18 mmol) was added trifluoroacetic acid (2 mL). The reaction mixture was heated at 65° C. for 16 hours. On completion of the reaction, toluene (5 mL) was added followed by removal of the solvent under reduced pressure. The mixture was evaporated to dryness in the Genevac and a dark brown solid was obtained. The crude product was purified using reverse phase HPLC to give the pure desired product, (S)-2-(8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridin-7(6H)-yl)-2-oxo-1-phenylethanaminium 2,2,2-trifluoroacetate as a pale yellow solid (0.082 g, 84%). M.p.>100° C.; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ12.75 (brs, 1H), 8.62 (brs, 2H), 8.39/8.13 (s, 1H, rotamers), 8.08/8.06 (s, 1H, rotamers), 7.56-7.35 (m, 5H), 5.74 (m, 1H), 4.91 (m, 2H), 3.73 (m, 2H), 3.08 (m, 2H); LCMS [M+H]: 308.

Example 93b Synthesis of 3-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-carboxamido)benzoic acid

Step-1: Synthesis of ethyl 3-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-carboxamido)benzoate. Step (i): A solution of 3-(4-methoxy-benzyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine (0.945 g, 3.21 mmol) in trifluoroacetic acid (10 mL) was heated at 65° C. for 16 hours. Once the reaction was complete the solvent was removed under reduced pressure to give a dark brown solid. The product was used in the next step without any further purification. Step (ii): To the dark brown solid was added dichloromethane (30 mL) and Hunig's Base (5 mL). The mixture was vortexed to ensure that the solid had dissolved, then cooled in an ice-bath followed by the addition of 3-isocyanato-benzoic acid ethyl ester (0.613 g) as a solution in anhydrous dichloromethane (10 mL) in a drop wise fashion. The reaction was then shaken at room temperature for 20 minutes. Once the reaction was complete water (20 mL) was added and the reaction mixture was then extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (60 mL). The organic extract was washed with brine (2×20 mL), dried using sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated to give desired crude product. The crude product was then purified using flash column chromatography (SiO₂, 80% EtOAc in hexanes) to give the pure desired product, ethyl 3-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-carboxamido)benzoate (0.98 g, 83%) as a white solid. M.p. 184-186° C.; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ13.59 (s, 1H), 8.97 (s, 1H), 8.35 (s, 1H), 8.17 (s, 1H), 8.13 (t, J=1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.83 (m, 1H), 7.56 (m, 1H), 7.39 (dd, J₁=J₂=8.0 Hz, 1H), 4.80 (s, 2H), 4.30 (q, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 3.86 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 3.15 (t, J=5.6 Hz, 2H), 1.32 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 3H); LCMS [M+H]: 366.

Step 2: Synthesis of 3-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-carboxamido)benzoic acid. To a solution of ethyl 3-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-carboxamido)benzoate (0.593 g, 1.62 mmol) in methanol (10 mL) was added aqueous NaOH (0.64 g in 6 mL of H₂O, 16.2 mmol). The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 16 hours. The solvent was then removed under reduced pressure the resulting aqueous solution acidified to pH<2 using 2N HCl. A white precipitate crashed out, which was filtered, washed with water and dried to give the pure desired product, 3-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-carboxamido)benzoic acid (0.539 g, 98%) as a white solid; M.p.=237-241° C.; 400 MHz ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ: 9.0 (s, 1H), 8.41 (s, 1H), 8.26 (s, 1H), 8.14-8.1 (m, 1H), 7.82-7.78 (m, 1H), 7.56-7.51 (m, 1H), 7.4-7.34 (m, 1H), 4.81 (s, 2H), 3.86 (t, J=6 hz, 2H), 3.18 (t, J=6 Hz, 2H); LCMS [M+H]: 338.

General Procedure I: Compounds of the present invention can be conveniently prepared by the general procedure illustrated below:

Example 94 Synthesis of N-(3-(4-(2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-1-yl)piperidine-1-carbonyl)phenyl)-8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7(6H)-carboxamide

To a solution of 3-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-carboxamido)benzoic acid (0.080 g, 0.24 mmol) and 1-piperidin-4-yl-1,3-dihydro-benzoimidazol-2-one (0.057 g, 0.264 mmol) in dimethylacetamide (5 mL) and Hunig's Base (0.124 mL, 0.71 mmol) was added HBTU (0.107 g, 0.284 mmol). The reaction mixture was vortexed and then shaken at room temperature for 2 hours. On completion of the reaction, 1M NaHCO₃ (20 mL) and EtOAc (30 mL) were added to the reaction mixture. The organic layer was separated, washed with brine (2×20 mL) and concentrated under reduced pressure to give a white solid. The white solid was washed with EtOAc and dried under reduced pressure to give the desired product, N-(3-(4-(2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-1-yl)piperidine-1-carbonyl)phenyl)-8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7(6H)-carboxamide (0.035 g, 27%) as a white solid. Alternatively, the crude product can be purified either by flash column chromatography (SiO₂) or reverse phase HPLC (using TFA as a modifier). White solid; M.p.=>215° C.; 400 MHz ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ: 13.59 (s, 1H), 10.88 (s, 1H), 8.9 (s, 1H), 8.35 (s, 1H), 8.17 (s, 1H), 7.64-7.56 (m, 2H), 7.38-7.26 (m, 2H), 7.08-6.94 (m, 4H), 4.79 (s, 2H), 4.65 (br s, 1H), 4.52-4.4 (m, 1H), 3.84 (t, J=6 Hz, 2H), 3.85-3.7 (m, 1H), 3.4-3.3 (m, 1H), 3.2-3.1 (m, 2H), 3.0-2.85 (m, 1H), 2.4-2.2 (m, 2H), 1.9-1.6 (m, 2H); LCMS [M+H]: 537.

Example 95 N-(3-(2-(dimethylamino)ethylcarbamoyl)phenyl)-8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7(6H)-carboxamide (bis TFA salt)

The compound, N-(3-(2-(dimethylamino)ethylcarbamoyl)phenyl)-8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7(6H)-carboxamide was prepared using 3-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-carboxamido)benzoic acid and N1,N1-dimethylethane-1,2-diamine as described in general procedure I. The product was obtained as a white solid and as a bis-TFA salt; M.p.=184-196° C.; 400 MHz ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ: 13.59 (s, 1H), 9.22 (s, 1H), 8.92 (s, 1H), 8.58 (t, J=5.6 Hz, 1H), 8.35 (s, 1H), 8.17 (d, J=1.2 Hz, 1H), 8.03-8.0 (m, 1H), 7.68-7.64 (m, 1H), 7.47-7.34 (m, 2H), 4.79 (s, 2H), 3.85 (t, J=6 Hz, 2H), 3.58 (q, J=6 Hz, 2H), 3.24 (t, J=6 hz, 2H), 3.15 (t, J=6 Hz, 2H), 2.84 (s, 6H); LCMS [M+H]: 408.

Example 96 N-[3-(benzylcarbamoyl)phenyl]-3,6,8,9-tetrahydro-7H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-carboxamide (TFA salt)

The compound N-[3-(benzylcarbamoyl)phenyl]-3,6,8,9-tetrahydro-7H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-carboxamide was prepared using 3-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-carboxamido)benzoic acid and benzylamine as described in general procedure I. The product was obtained as a TFA salt and a pale yellow solid; M.p.=>135° C.; 400 MHz ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ: 8.96 (t, J=6 Hz, 1H), 8.9 (s, 1H), 8.35 (s, 1H), 8.18 (s, 1H), 7.96 (t, J=1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.72-7.78 (m, 1H), 7.5-7.45 (m, 1H), 7.38-7.2 (m, 6H), 4.78 (s, 1H), 4.46 (d, J=6 Hz, 2H), 3.96 (s, 1H), 3.85 (t, J=6 Hz, 2H), 3.15 (t, J=6 Hz, 2H); LCMS [M+H]: 427

Example 97 N-{3-[(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}-3,6,8,9-tetrahydro-7H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-carboxamide (TFA salt)

The compound, N-{3-[(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}-3,6,8,9-tetrahydro-7H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-carboxamide was prepared using 3-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-carboxamido)benzoic acid and pyridin-2-ylmethanamine as described in general procedure I. The product was obtained as a TFA salt. LCMS [M+H]: 428

Example 98 N-(3-{[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]carbamoyl}phenyl)-3,6,8,9-tetrahydro-7H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-carboxamide (TFA salt)

The compound, N-(3-{[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]carbamoyl}phenyl)-3,6,8,9-tetrahydro-7H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-carboxamide was prepared using 3-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-carboxamido)benzoic acid and 2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethanamine as described in general procedure I. The product was obtained as a TFA salt. LCMS [M+H]: 480

Example 99 N-{3-[(2-hydroxyethyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}-3,6,8,9-tetrahydro-7H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-carboxamide (TFA salt)

The compound N-{3-[(2-hydroxyethyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}-3,6,8,9-tetrahydro-7H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-carboxamide was prepared using 3-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-carboxamido)benzoic acid and 2-aminoethanol as described in general procedure I. The product was obtained as a TFA salt. LCMS [M+H]: 381

Example 100 N-{3-[(2-hydroxy-2-phenylethyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}-3,6,8,9-tetrahydro-7H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-carboxamide (TFA salt)

The compound, N-{3-[(2-hydroxy-2-phenylethyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}-3,6,8,9-tetrahydro-7H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-carboxamide was prepared using 3-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-carboxamido)benzoic acid and 2-amino-1-phenylethanol as described in general procedure I. The product was obtained as a TFA salt. LCMS [M+H]: 457

Example 101 N-{3-[(pyridin-3-ylmethyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}-3,6,8,9-tetrahydro-7H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-carboxamide (TFA salt)

The compound N-{3-[(pyridin-3-ylmethyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}-3,6,8,9-tetrahydro-7H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-carboxamide was prepared using 3-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-carboxamido)benzoic acid and pyridin-3-ylmethanamine as described in general procedure I. The product was obtained as a TFA salt. LCMS [M+H]: 428

Example 102 N-{3-[(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)carbonyl]phenyl}-3,6,8,9-tetrahydro-7H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-carboxamide (TFA salt)

The compound N-{3-[4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)carbonyl]phenyl}-3,6,8,9-tetrahydro-7H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-carboxamide was prepared using 3-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-carboxamido)benzoic acid and 1-methylpiperazine as described in general procedure I. The product was obtained as a TFA salt. LCMS [M+H]: 420

Example 103 N-(3-{[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]carbonyl}phenyl)-3,6,8,9-tetrahydro-7H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-carboxamide (TFA salt)

The compound N-(3-{[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]carbonyl}phenyl)-3,6,8,9-tetrahydro-7H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-carboxamide was prepared using 3-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-carboxamido)benzoic acid and 2-(piperazin-1-yl)ethanol as described in general procedure I. The product was obtained as a TFA salt. LCMS [M+H]: 450.

Examples 104-152

Compounds in Table 4 are synthesized by using general procedure I as described herein.

TABLE 4 LC/MS Structure IUPAC Name [M + 1]

N-(3-{[2-(hydroxymethyl)piperidin-1- yl]carbonyl}phenyl)-3,6,8,9-tetrahydro-7H- pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7- carboxamide 435

N-{3-[(2-fluorobenzyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}- 3,6,8,9-tetrahydro-7H-pyrazolo[3,4- c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-carboxamide 445

N-{3-[(2-amino-2- oxoethyl)(methyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}- 3,6,8,9-tetrahydro-7H-pyrazolo[3,4- c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-carboxamide 408

N-{3-[(2-hydroxyethyl)(1- methylethyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}-3,6,8,9- tetrahydro-7H-pyrazolo[3,4- c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-carboxamide 423

N-{3-[(2-methoxy-1- methylethyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}-3,6,8,9- tetrahydro-7H-pyrazolo[3,4- c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-carboxamide 409

N-{3-[(4- methoxybenzyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}-3,6,8,9- tetrahydro-7H-pyrazolo[3,4- c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-carboxamide 457

N-{3-[(2- hydroxyethyl)(methyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}- 3,6,8,9-tetrahydro-7H-pyrazolo[3,4- c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-carboxamide 395

N-{3-[(furan-2- ylmethyl)(methyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}- 3,6,8,9-tetrahydro-7H-pyrazolo[3,4- c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-carboxamide 431

N-(3-{[(3R)-3-(dimethylamino)pyrrolidin-1- yl]carbonyl}phenyl)-3,6,8,9-tetrahydro-7H- pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7- carboxamide 434

N-[3-(piperidin-1-ylcarbonyl)phenyl]- 3,6,8,9-tetrahydro-7H-pyrazolo[3,4- c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-carboxamide 405

N-(3-{[2- (trifluoromethyl)benzyl]carbamoyl}phenyl)- 3,6,8,9-tetrahydro-7H-pyrazolo[3,4- c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-carboxamide 495

N-{3-[(3-piperidin-1- ylpropyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}-3,6,8,9- tetrahydro-7H-pyrazolo[3,4- c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-carboxamide 462

N-{3-[(4- methylcyclohexyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}- 3,6,8,9-tetrahydro-7H-pyrazolo[3,4- c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-carboxamide 433

N-(3-{[3-(2-oxopyrrolidin-1- yl)propyl]carbamoyl}phenyl)-3,6,8,9- tetrahydro-7H-pyrazolo[3,4- c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-carboxamide 462

N-(3-{[(2- (dimethylamino)ethyl] (ethyl)carbamoyl}phenyl)- 3,6,8,9-tetrahydro-7H-pyrazolo[3,4- c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-carboxamide 436

N-(3-{[(1R)-1- (hydroxymethyl)butyl]carbamoyl}phenyl)- 3,6,8,9-tetrahydro-7H-pyrazolo[3,4- c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-carboxamide 423

N-{3-[(pyridin-4- ylmethyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}-3,6,8,9- tetrahydro-7H-pyrazolo[3,4- c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-carboxamide 428

N-{3-[(2-morpholin-4- ylethyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}-3,6,8,9- tetrahydro-7H-pyrazolo[3,4- c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-carboxamide 450

N-(3-{[(1S)-2-amino-1-(1H-indol-3- ylmethyl)-2-oxoethyl]carbamoyl}phenyl)- 3,6,8,9-tetrahydro-7H-pyrazolo[3,4- c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-carboxamide 523

N-{3-[(4-chlorobenzyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}- 3,6,8,9-tetrahydro-7H-pyrazolo[3,4- c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-carboxamide 461

N-(3-{[2-(2- methoxyphenyl)ethyl]carbamoyl}phenyl)- 3,6,8,9-tetrahydro-7H-pyrazolo[3,4- c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-carboxamide 471

N-{3-[(2-phenoxyethyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}- 3,6,8,9-tetrahydro-7H-pyrazolo[3,4- c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-carboxamide 457

N-(3-{[(5-methylisoxazol-3- yl)methyl]carbamoyl}phenyl)-3,6,8,9- tetrahydro-7H-pyrazolo[3,4- c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-carboxamide 432

N-(3-{[2-(3- chlorophenyl)ethyl]carbamoyl}phenyl)- 3,6,8,9-tetrahydro-7H-pyrazolo[3,4- c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-carboxamide 475

N-{3-[(4-pyridin-2-ylpiperazin-1- yl)carbonyl]phenyl}-3,6,8,9-tetrahydro-7H- pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7- carboxamide 483

N-(3-{[4-(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)piperazin-1- yl]carbonyl}phenyl)-3,6,8,9-tetrahydro-7H- pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7- carboxamide 497

N-(3-{[(1-methyl-1H-imidazol-5- yl)methyl]carbamoyl}phenyl)-3,6,8,9- tetrahydro-7H-pyrazolo[3,4- c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-carboxamide 431

N-(3-{[(2S)-tetrahydrofuran-2- ylmethyl]carbamoyl}phenyl)-3,6,8,9- tetrahydro-7H-pyrazolo[3,4- c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-carboxamide 421

N-(3-{[(1-methyl-1H-benzimidazol-2- yl)methyl]carbamoyl}phenyl)-3,6,8,9- tetrahydro-7H-pyrazolo[3,4- c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-carboxamide 481

N-(3-{[2-(3- methoxyphenyl)ethyl]carbamoyl}phenyl)- 3,6,8,9-tetrahydro-7H-pyrazolo[3,4- c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-carboxamide 471

N-{3-[(2-pyridin-3- ylethyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}-3,6,8,9- tetrahydro-7H-pyrazolo[3,4- c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-carboxamide 442

N-(3-{[(1R)-1-(hydroxymethyl)-2- methylpropyl]carbamoyl}phenyl)-3,6,8,9- tetrahydro-7H-pyrazolo[3,4- c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-carboxamide 423

N-{3-[(3-chlorobenzyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}- 3,6,8,9-tetrahydro-7H-pyrazolo[3,4- c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-carboxamide 461

N-(3-{[4-(4-methylbenzyl)piperazin-1- yl]carbonyl}phenyl)-3,6,8,9-tetrahydro-7H- pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7- carboxamide 510

N-(3-{[4-(2-oxo-2-pyrrolidin-1- ylethyl)piperazin-1-yl]carbonyl}phenyl)- 3,6,8,9-tetrahydro-7H-pyrazolo[3,4- c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-carboxamide 517

N-[3-(cycloheptylcarbamoyl)phenyl]- 3,6,8,9-tetrahydro-7H-pyrazolo[3,4- c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-carboxamide 433

N-[3-(cyclohexylcarbamoyl)phenyl]- 3,6,8,9-tetrahydro-7H-pyrazolo[3,4- c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-carboxamide 419

N-{3-[(4-pyrazin-2-ylpiperazin-1- yl)carbonyl]phenyl}-3,6,8,9-tetrahydro-7H- pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7- carboxamide 484

N-{3-[(2-methylbenzyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}- 3,6,8,9-tetrahydro-7H-pyrazolo[3,4- c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-carboxamide 441

N-(3-{[3- (dimethylamino)propyl]carbamoyl}phenyl)- 3,6,8,9-tetrahydro-7H-pyrazolo[3,4- c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-carboxamide 422

N-(3-{[2-(1-methyl-1H-imidazol-5- yl)ethyl]carbamoyl}phenyl)-3,6,8,9- tetrahydro-7H-pyrazolo[3,4- c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-carboxamide 445

N-(3-{[4-(hydroxymethyl)piperidin-1- yl]carbonyl}phenyl)-3,6,8,9-tetrahydro-7H- pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7- carboxamide 435

N-{3-[(3- phenoxyphenyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}-3,6,8,9- tetrahydro-7H-pyrazolo[3,4- c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-carboxamide 505

N-(3-{[3-(hydroxymethyl)piperidin-1- yl]carbonyl}phenyl)-3,6,8,9-tetrahydro-7H- pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7- carboxamide 435

N-(3-{[(3R)-4-hydroxy-3- methylbutyl]carbamoyl}phenyl)-3,6,8,9- tetrahydro-7H-pyrazolo[3,4- c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-carboxamide 423

N-{3-[(2-pyrrolidin-1- ylethyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}-3,6,8,9- tetrahydro-7H-pyrazolo[3,4- c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-carboxamide 434

N-{3-[(3-hydroxypyrrolidin-1- yl)carbonyl]phenyl}-3,6,8,9-tetrahydro-7H- pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7- carboxamide 407

N-(3-{[2- (dimethylamino)ethyl](methyl)carbamoyl} phenyl)-3,6,8,9-tetrahydro-7H-pyrazolo[3,4- c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-carboxamide 422

N-{3-[(2-phenylethyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}- 3,6,8,9-tetrahydro-7H-pyrazolo[3,4- c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-carboxamide 441

Example 153 Synthesis of 3-(3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-carboxamido)benzoic acid

Step 1: Synthesis of ethyl 3-(3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-carboxamido)benzoate. To a solution of 3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine (0.208 g, 0.707 mmol) in anhydrous dichloromethane (10 mL) was added 3-isocyanato-benzoic acid ethyl ester (0.135 g, 0.707 mmol). The reaction was then shaken at room temperature for 30 minutes. On completion of the reaction water (10 mL) was added and the organic layer was separated. The aqueous layer was extracted with dichloromethane (20 mL). The organic extracts were combined, washed with brine (2×20 mL), dried using sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified using flash column chromatography (SiO₂, gradient from 50% EtOAc in hexanes to 66% EtOAc in hexane) to give the pure desired product, ethyl 3-(3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-carboxamido)benzoate (0.265 g, 77%) as a white solid. M.p.=>80° C.; 400 MHz ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ: 8.97 (s, 1H), 8.41 (s, 1H), 8.2 (s, 1H), 8.14-8.1 (m, 1H), 7.85-7.8 (m, 1H), 7.57-7.53 (m, 1H), 7.39 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.21-7.16 (m, 2H), 6.88-6.82 (m, 2H), 5.59 (s, 2H), 4.81 (s, 2H), 4.31 (q, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 3.84 (t, J=6 Hz, 2H), 3.69 (s, 3H), 3.15 (t, J=6 Hz, 2H), 1.32 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H); LCMS [M+H]: 486.

Step 2: Synthesis of 3-(3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-carboxamido)benzoic acid. To a solution of ethyl 3-(3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-carboxamido)benzoate (0.162 g, 0.33 mmol) in methanol (5 mL) was added aqueous NaOH (0.13 g in 3 mL H₂O, 3.3 mmol). The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 16 hours. On completion of the reaction the solvent was removed and the resulting aqueous solution was acidified to pH<2 using 2N HCl. A solid precipitated out, which was filtered, washed with water and dried to give the desired product, 3-(3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-carboxamido)benzoic acid (0.136 g, 90%) as a pale yellow solid. M.p.>136° C.; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ12.95 (s, 1H), 8.93 (s, 1H), 8.41 (s, 1H), 8.19 (s, 1H), 8.10 (m, 1H), 7.78 (m, 1H), 7.53 (m, 1H), 7.36 (dd, J₁=J₂=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.18 (m, 2H), 6.84 (m, 2H), 4.86 (m, s, 2H), 3.85 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 3.68 (s, 3H), 3.50 (m, 2H), 3.16 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H); LCMS [M+H]: 458.

General Procedure J: Compounds of the present invention can be conveniently prepared by the general procedure illustrated below:

Example 154 Synthesis of N-(3-(isoxazol-3-ylcarbamoyl)phenyl)-8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7(6H)-carboxamide

Step 1: To a solution of 3-(3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-carboxamido)benzoic acid (0.037 g, 80 μmol), isoxa-3-ylamine (8.8 μL, 120 μmol) and Hunig's Base (71 μL, 400 μmol) in dimethylacetamide (1 mL) and dichloromethane (1 mL) was added 2-chloro-1,3-dimethylimidazolinium chloride (DMC, 0.041 g, 240 μmol). The reaction mixture was shaken at room temperature for 16 hours followed by addition of water (2 mL) and dichloromethane (4 mL) were added. The organic layer was separated and the solvent removed under reduced pressure to give the desired product, N-(3-(isoxazol-3-ylcarbamoyl)phenyl)-3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7(6H)-carboxamide. LCMS [M+H]: 524. The crude product was used in the next step without any further purification.

Step 2 To the crude N-(3-(isoxazol-3-ylcarbamoyl)phenyl)-3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7(6H)-carboxamide obtained above was added trifluoroacetic acid (1 mL). The reaction mixture was shaken at 65° C. for 16 hours. On completion of the reaction, toluene (1 mL) was added and solvent removed under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified reverse phase HPLC to give the desired product, N-(3-(isoxazol-3-ylcarbamoyl)phenyl)-8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7(6H)-carboxamide. LCMS [M+H]: 404.

Example 155 Synthesis of N-[3-(phenylcarbamoyl)phenyl]-3,6,8,9-tetrahydro-7H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-carboxamide

The compound N-[3-(phenylcarbamoyl)phenyl]-3,6,8,9-tetrahydro-7H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-carboxamide was prepared using 3-(3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-carboxamido)benzoic acid and aniline as described in general procedure J. The compound was obtained as a solid. LCMS [M+H]: 413.

Example 156 Synthesis of N-[3-(1H-pyrazol-3-ylcarbamoyl)phenyl]-3,6,8,9-tetrahydro-7H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-carboxamide

The compound N-[3-(1H-pyrazol-3-ylcarbamoyl)phenyl]-3,6,8,9-tetrahydro-7H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-carboxamide was prepared using 3-(3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-carboxamido)benzoic acid and 1H-pyrazol-3-amine as described in general procedure J. The compound was obtained as a solid. LCMS [M+H]: 403.

Example 157 N-(3-{[3-(acetylamino)phenyl]carbamoyl}phenyl)-3,6,8,9-tetrahydro-7H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-carboxamide

The compound N-(3-{[3-(acetylamino)phenyl]carbamoyl}phenyl)-3,6,8,9-tetrahydro-7H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-carboxamide was prepared using 3-(3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-carboxamido)benzoic acid and N-(3-aminophenyl)acetamide as described in general procedure J. The compound was obtained as a solid. LCMS [M+H]: 470.

Example 158 Synthesis of 7-(phenylsulfonyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine

Step 1: To a solution of 3-(4-methoxy-benzyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine (0.129 g, 0.43 mmol) in dichloromethane (8 mL) and Et₃N (0.13 mL, 0.86 mmol) was added benzenesulfonyl chloride (62 μL, 0.47 mmol). The reaction mixture was shaken at room temperature for 1 hour. The solvent was then removed under reduced pressure and the residue obtained was partitioned between EtOAc and aqueous NaOH. The organic layer was then separated, washed with brine (2×10 mL), concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified using either flash column chromatography (SiO₂, 33% EtOAc in hexane) to give 3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-7-(phenylsulfonyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine as a white solid (0.147 g, 77%) or used in the next step without any further purification. M.p.=136-138° C.; 400 MHz ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ: 8.39 (s, 1H), 8.12 (s, 1H), 7.88-7.83 (m, 2H), 7.72-7.59 (m, 3H), 7.18-7.13 (m, 2H), 6.86-6.8 (m, 2H), 5.55 (s, 2H), 4.36 (s, 2H), 3.68 (s, 3H), 3.43, t, J=6.4 Hz, 2H), 3.13 (t, J=6.4 Hz, 2H), 2.54-2.48 (m, 2H); LCMS [M+H]: 435.

Step 2: To 3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-7-(phenylsulfonyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine (0.109 g, 2.51 mmol) was added trifluoroacetic acid (2 mL). The reaction mixture was heated at 65° C. for 16 hours. On completion of the reaction, toluene (5 mL) was added. The reaction mixture was evaporated to dryness under reduced pressure to yield a dark brown solid. The crude product was purified using reverse phase HPLC chromatography to give the desired product, 7-(phenylsulfonyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine as a white solid (0.043 g, 54%). M.p.=270-271° C.; 400 MHz ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ: 13.59 (s, 1H), 8.33 (s, 1H), 8.1 (d, J=1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.88-7.84 (m, 2H), 7.73-7.61 (m, 3H), 4.35 (s, 2H), 3.43 (t, J=5.6 Hz, 2H), 3.14 (t, J=6.4 Hz, 2H); LCMS [M+H]: 315.

Example 158 Synthesis of N-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinolin-7-yl)benzenesulfonamide

Step 1: To a solution of 3-(4-methoxy-benzyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinolin-7-ylamine TFA salt (0.156 g, 0.37 mmol) in anhydrous THF (5 mL) and Et₃N (0.15 mL, 1.11 mmol) was added benzenesulfonyl chloride (60 μL, 0.46 mmol). The reaction mixture was shaken at room temperature for 3 hours followed by addition of EtOAc (20 mL) and 1.0M NaOH (15 mL). The organic layer was then separated, washed with brine (2×10 mL) and concentrated under reduced pressure to give the crude product. The crude product was purified using flash column chromatography (SiO2, 33% EtOAc in hexane) to give the desired product, N-(3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinolin-7-yl)benzenesulfonamide as a white solid (0.103 g, 62%). Alternatively the crude product could be used in the next step without any further purification. M.p.>70° C.; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ7.99 (s, 1H), 7.91 (s, 1H), 7.86 (m, 2H), 7.81 (s, 1H), 7.68-7.58 (m, 3H), 7.14 (m, 2H), 6.83 (m, 2H), 5.50 (s, 2H), 3.68 (s, 3H), 3.48 (m, 1H), 2.96 (m, 3H), 2.76 9m, 1H), 1.91 (m, 1H), 1.77 (m, 1H); LCMS [M+H]: 449.

Step 2: To N-[3-(4-methoxy-benzyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinolin-7-yl]-benzenesulfonamide (0.082 g, 0.18 mmol) was added trifluoroacetic acid (2 mL). The reaction mixture was heated at 65° C. for 5 h. On the completion of the reaction, toluene (5 mL) was added. The solvent was the removed under reduced pressure to give the crude product as a dark brown solid. The crude product was purified using reverse phase HPLC to give the desired product, N-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinolin-7-yl)benzenesulfonamide was obtained as a white solid (0.038 g, 63%). M.p.=228-229° C.; 400 MHz ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ: 13.28 (s, 1H), 7.96 (s, 1H), 7.94-7.84 (m, 3H), 7.78 (s, 1H), 7.69-7.58 (m, 3H), 3.48 (br s, 1H), 3.04-2.72 (m, 4H), 1.95-1.7 (m, 2H); LCMS [M+H]: 329.

General Procedure K: Compounds of the present invention can be conveniently prepared by the general procedure illustrated below.

Step 1: To a 0.24M solution of 3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine (trifluoroacetic acid salt) (0.5 mL, 0.12 mmol) in THF was added 1M solution of triethylamine (0.5 mL, 0.5 mmol) in THF followed by 0.18M solution of sulfonyl chloride (1.0 mL, 0.18 mmol) in THF. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 hours. The solvent was then removed under reduced pressure and the residue was dissolved in dichloromethane (2 mL). Then organic layer was washed with water (2 mL) and the solvent removed under reduced pressure. The crude desired product was used in step ii without any further purification.

Step 2: To the crude residue from step (i) was added trifluoroacetic acid (1 mL) and the reaction mixture heated at 65° C. for 16 hours. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and crude desired product purified using reverse phase chromatography (C-18) using trifluoroacetic acid as a modifier.

Example 160 Synthesis of 8-(phenylsulfonyl)-3,6,7,8-tetrahydropyrazolo[4′,3′:5,6]pyrido[3,4-d][1]benzazepine

The compound 8-(phenylsulfonyl)-3,6,7,8-tetrahydropyrazolo[4′,3′:5,6]pyrido[3,4-d][1]benzazepine was prepared using 3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-3,6,7,8-tetrahydropyrazolo[4′,3′:5,6]pyrido[3,4-d][1]benzazepine and phenylsulfonyl chloride as described in the 2 step procedure K. The desired compound was obtained as an off-white solid (0.040 g, 18%); ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz) δ: 8.52 (s, 1H), 8.29 (m, 2H), 7.73 (m, 2H), 7.67-7.50 (m, 6H), 7.00 (dd, J₁=1.2 Hz, J₂=8.8 Hz, 2H), 6.51 (dd, J₁=J₂=8.0 Hz, 2H), 6.20 (dd, J₁=J₂=8.0 Hz, 1H), 4.20 (m, 1H), 3.65 (m, 1H), 2.70 (m, 2H); LCMS [M+H]: 377

Examples 161-317

Compounds in Table 5 are synthesized by using general procedure K as described herein.

TABLE 5 LC/MS Structure IUPAC Name [M + 1]

4-ethyl-N-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4- c]isoquinolin-7-yl)benzenesulfonamide 357

3,4-dimethyl-N-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H- pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinolin-7- yl)benzenesulfonamide 357

1-(3-chlorophenyl)-N-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H- pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinolin-7- yl)methanesulfonamide 378

N-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4- c]isoquinolin-7-yl)-3- (trifluoromethyl)benzenesulfonamide 397

N-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4- c]isoquinolin-7-yl)thiophene-3-sulfonamide 335

N-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4- c]isoquinolin-7-yl)-2- (trifluoromethoxy)benzenesulfonamide 413

N-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4- c]isoquinolin-7-yl)ethanesulfonamide 281

N-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4- c]isoquinolin-7-yl)-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole-4- sulfonamide 371

2-(1-naphthyl)-N-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H- pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinolin-7-yl)ethanesulfonamide 408

3-chloro-N-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4- c]isoquinolin-7-yl)benzenesulfonamide 364

3-methoxy-N-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4- c]isoquinolin-7-yl)benzenesulfonamide 359

4-chloro-2,5-difluoro-N-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H- pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinolin-7- yl)benzenesulfonamide 400

2-chloro-N-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4- c]isoquinolin-7-yl)benzenesulfonamide 364

4-fluoro-2-methyl-N-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H- pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinolin-7- yl)benzenesulfonamide 361

5-chloro-N-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4- c]isoquinolin-7-yl)thiophene-2-sulfonamide 370

N-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4- c]isoquinolin-7-yl)-2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxine- 6-sulfonamide 387

4-chloro-N-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4- c]isoquinolin-7-yl)-3- (trifluoromethyl)benzenesulfonamide 432

4-chloro-2-fluoro-N-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H- pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinolin-7- yl)benzenesulfonamide 382

3,4-dimethoxy-N-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H- pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinolin-7- yl)benzenesulfonamide 389

4-methyl-N-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4- c]isoquinolin-7-yl)naphthalene-1-sulfonamide 393

3-cyano-N-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4- c]isoquinolin-7-yl)benzenesulfonamide 354

N-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4- c]isoquinolin-7-yl)cyclopropanesulfonamide 293

3-chloro-4-methyl-N-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H- pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinolin-7- yl)benzenesulfonamide 378

1-(2-chlorophenyl)-N-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H- pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinolin-7- yl)methanesulfonamide 378

2-fluoro-N-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4- c]isoquinolin-7-yl)benzenesulfonamide 347

N-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4- c]isoquinolin-7-yl)-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole-4- sulfonamide 387

3-chloro-2-methyl-N-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H- pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinolin-7- yl)benzenesulfonamide 378

2-bromo-4-fluoro-N-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H- pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinolin-7- yl)benzenesulfonamide 426

N-{4-[(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4- c]isoquinolin-7-ylamino)sulfonyl]phenyl}acetamide 386

2-chloro-N-(6,7,8,9,-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4- c]isoquinolin-7-yl)-5- (trifluoromethyl)benzenesulfonamide 432

N-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4- c]isoquinolin-7-yl)-4- (trifluoromethyl)benzenesulfonamide 397

N-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4- c]isoquinolin-7-yl)methanesulfonamide 267

N-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4- c]isoquinolin-7-yl)-1-benzothiophene-3- sulfonamide 385

N-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4- c]isoquinolin-7-yl)-2- (trifluoromethyl)benzenesulfonamide 397

5-bromo-2-methoxy-N-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H- pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinolin-7- yl)benzenesulfonamide 438

2,3-dichloro-N-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H- pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinolin-7- yl)benzenesulfonamide 398

2,4-difluoro-N-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H- pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinolin-7- yl)benzenesulfonamide 365

6-phenoxy-N-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4- c]isoquinolin-7-yl)pyridine-3-sulfonamide 422

N-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4- c]isoquinolin-7-yl)-1,3-benzothiazole-6- sulfonamide 386

5-chloro-N-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4- c]isoquinolin-7-yl)naphthalene-1-sulfonamide 414

3,5-dimethyl-N-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H- pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinolin-7-yl)isoxazole-4- sulfonamide 348

5-fluoro-2-methyl-N-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H- pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinolin-7- yl)benzenesulfonamide 361

2-chloro-N-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4- c]isoquinolin-7-yl)-4- (trifluoromethyl)benzenesulfonamide 432

4-methoxy-N-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4- c]isoquinolin-7-yl)benzenesulfonamide 359

2,5-dichloro-N-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H- pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinolin-7- yl)benzenesulfonamide 398

2-methoxy-4-methyl-N-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H- pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinolin-7- yl)benzenesulfonamide 373

2,4,6-trimethyl-N-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H- pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinolin-7- yl)benzenesulfonamide 371

N-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4- c]isoquinolin-7-yl)-4- (trifluoromethoxy)benzenesulfonamide 413

2,4-dibromo-N-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H- pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinolin-7- yl)benzenesulfonamide 487

4-methyl-N-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4- c]isoquinolin-7-yl)benzenesulfonamide 343

2,6-dichloro-N-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H- pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinolin-7- yl)benzenesulfonamide 398

N-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinolin-7-yl)thiophene-2-sulfonamide 335

4-fluoro-N-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4- c]isoquinolin-7-yl)benzenesulfonamide 347

N-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4- c]isoquinolin-7-yl)benzenesulfonamide 329

3-methyl-N-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4- c]isoquinolin-7-yl)quinoline-8-sulfonamide 394

2-methyl-N-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4- c]isoquinolin-7-yl)benzenesulfonamide 343

3-fluoro-N-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4- c]isoquinolin-7-yl)benzenesulfonamide 347

2-chloro-4-fluoro-N-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H- pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinolin-7- yl)benzenesulfonamide 382

2,5-dimethoxy-N-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H- pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinolin-7- yl)benzenesulfonamide 389

3-chloro-2-fluoro-N-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H- pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinolin-7- yl)benzenesulfonamide 382

4-bromo-2-fluoro-N-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H- pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinolin-7- yl)benzenesulfonamide 426

5-chloro-2-fluoro-N-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H- pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinolin-7- yl)benzenesulfonamide 382

N-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4- c]isoquinolin-7-yl)propane-1-sulfonamide 295

3-methyl-N-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4- c]isoquinolin-7-yl)benzenesulfonamide 343

1-(1,2-benzisoxazol-3-yl)-N-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro- 3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinolin-7- yl)methanesulfonamide 384

4-(methylsulfonyl)-N-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H- pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinolin-7- yl)benzenesulfonamide 407

4-chloro-2,5-dimethyl-N-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H- pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinolin-7- yl)benzenesulfonamide 392

4-bromo-N-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4- c]isoquinolin-7-yl)-2- (trifluoromethyl)benzenesulfonamide 476

2,4-dichloro-N-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H- pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinolin-7- yl)benzenesulfonamide 398

2,6-difluoro-N-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H- pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinolin-7- yl)benzenesulfonamide 365

2-fluoro-5-methyl-N-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H- pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinolin-7- yl)benzenesulfonamide 361

3,4-difluoro-N-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H- pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinolin-7- yl)benzenesulfonamide 365

2,4-dimethyl-N-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H- pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinolin-7- yl)benzenesulfonamide 357

N-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4- c]isoquinolin-7-yl)-1-benzothiophene-2- sulfonamide 385

3,4-dichloro-N-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H- pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinolin-7- yl)benzenesulfonamide 398

2,5-dimethyl-N-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H- pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinolin-7- yl)benzenesulfonamide 357

7-[(4-ethylphenyl)sulfonyl]-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H- pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine 343

7-[(3-chlorobenzyl)sulfonyl]-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H- pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine 364

7-[(2,5-dichloro-3-thienyl)sulfonyl]-6,7,8,9- tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine 390

7-{[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]sulfonyl}-6,7,8,9- tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine 383

7-(3-thienylsulfonyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H- pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine 321

7-[(2,4-dimethyl-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)sulfonyl]-6,7,8,9- tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine 350

7-{[2-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]sulfonyl}-6,7,8,9- tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine 399

7-(ethylsulfonyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H- pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine 267

7-(2,1,3-benzoxadiazol-4-ylsulfonyl)-6,7,8,9- tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine 357

7-{[2-(1-naphthyl)ethyl]sulfonyl}-6,7,8,9- tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine 393

7-[(3-chlorophenyl)sulfonyl]-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H- pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine 350

7-[(1,3,5-trimethyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)sulfonyl]- 6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4- c][2,7]naphthyridine 347

7-[(3-methoxyphenyl)sulfonyl]-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro- 3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine 345

7-[(4-chloro-2,5-difluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-6,7,8,9- tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine 386

7-[(2-chlorophenyl)sulfonyl]-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H- pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine 350

7-[(4-fluoro-2-methylphenyl)sulfonyl]-6,7,8,9- tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine 347

7-[(5-chloro-2-thienyl)sulfonyl]-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro- 3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine 356

7-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-ylsulfonyl)- 6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4- c][2,7]naphthyridine 373

7-{[4-chloro-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]sulfonyl}- 6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4- c][2,7]naphthyridine 418

7-[(4-chloro-2-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-6,7,8,9- tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine 368

7-[(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)sulfonyl]-6,7,8,9- tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine 375

3-(3,6,8,9-tetrahydro-7H-pyrazolo[3,4- c][2,7]naphthyridin-7-ylsulfonyl)benzonitrile 340

7-(cyclopropylsulfonyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H- pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine 279

7-[(3 -chloro-4-methylphenyl)sulfonyl]-6,7,8,9- tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine 364

7-[(2-chlorobenzyl)sulfonyl]-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H- pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine 364

7-[(2-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H- pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine 333

7-(2,1,3-benzothiadiazol-4-ylsulfonyl)-6,7,8,9- tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine 373

7-[(3-chloro-2-methylphenyl)sulfonyl]-6,7,8,9- tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine 364

7-[(3,4-dichlorobenzyl)sulfonyl]-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro- 3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine 398

N-[4-(3,6,8,9-tetrahydro-7H-pyrazolo[3,4- c][2,7]naphthyridin-7-ylsulfonyl)phenyl]acetamide 372

7-{[2-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]sulfonyl}- 6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4- c][2,7]naphthyridine 418

7-{[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]sulfonyl}-6,7,8,9- tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine 383

7-[(3-fluoro-4-methoxyphenyl)sulfonyl]-6,7,8,9- tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine 383

7-(methylsulfonyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H- pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine 253

N-[2-chloro-4-(3,6,8,9-tetrahydro-7H-pyrazolo[3,4- c][2,7]naphthyridin-7-ylsulfonyl)phenyl]acetamide 407

7-(1-benzothien-3-ylsulfonyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro- 3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine 371

7-{[2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]sulfonyl}-6,7,8,9- tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine 383

7-[(3,5-dichlorophenyl)sulfonyl]-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro- 3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine 384

7-[(5-bromo-2-methoxyphenyl)sulfonyl]-6,7,8,9- tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine 424

7-[(2,3-dichlorophenyl)sulfonyl]-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro- 3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine 384

7-[(2,4-difluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro- 3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine 351

7-(1,3-benzothiazol-6-ylsulfonyl)-6,7,8,9- tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine 372

7-[(5-chloro-1-naphthyl)sulfonyl]-6,7,8,9- tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine 400

7-[(3,5-dimethylisoxazol-4-yl)sulfonyl]-6,7,8,9- tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine 334

7-[(5-fluoro-2-methylphenyl)sulfonyl]-6,7,8,9- tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine 347

7-{[2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl) phenyl]sulfonyl}-6,7,8,9- tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4- c][2,7]naphthyridine 418

7-[(4-bromo-2-methylphenyl)sulfonyl]-6,7,8,9- tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine 408

7-[(4-methoxyphenyl)sulfonyl]-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro- 3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine 345

7-[(2,5-dichlorophenyl)sulfonyl]-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro- 3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine 384

7-[(2-methoxy-4-methylphenyl)sulfonyl]-6,7,8,9- tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine 359

7-(mesitylsulfonyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H- pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine 357

7-{[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]sulfonyl}-6,7,8,9- tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine 399

7-[(2,4-dibromophenyl)sulfonyl]-6,7,8,9- tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine 473

7-[(4-methylphenyl)sulfonyl]-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro- 3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine 329

7-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)sulfonyl]-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro- 3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine 384

7-(2-thienylsulfonyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H- pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine 321

7-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H- pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine 333

7-(isopropylsulfonyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H- pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine 281

7-(phenylsulfonyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H- pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine 315

7-[(3-methylquinolin-8-yl)sulfonyl]-6,7,8,9- tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine 380

7-[(2-methylphenyl)sulfonyl]-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro- 3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine 329

7-[(1,2-dimethyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)sulfonyl]- 6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4- c][2,7]naphthyridine 333

7-[(3-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H- pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine 333

7-[(2-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-6,7,8,9- tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine 368

7-[(4-chlorophenyl)sulfonyl]-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H- pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine 350

7-[(2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)sulfonyl]-6,7,8,9- tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine 375

7-[(3-chloro-2-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-6,7,8,9- tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine 368

7-[(4-bromo-2-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-6,7,8,9- tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine 412

7-[(5-chloro-2-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-6,7,8,9- tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine 368

7-(propylsulfonyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H- pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine 281

7-[(3-methylphenyl)sulfonyl]-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro- 3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine 329

7-[(4-chloro-2,5-dimethylphenyl)sulfonyl]-6,7,8,9- tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine 378

7-{[4-bromo-2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]sulfonyl}- 6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4- c][2,7]naphthyridine 462

7-[(2,4-dichlorophenyl)sulfonyl]-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro- 3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine 384

7-[(2,6-difluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro- 3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine 351

7-[(2-fluoro-5-methylphenyl)sulfonyl]-6,7,8,9- tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine 347

7-[(3,4-difluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro- 3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine 351

7-[(2,4-dimethylphenyl)sulfonyl]-6,7,8,9- tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine 343

7-(1-benzothien-2-ylsulfonyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro- 3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine 371

7-[(3,4-dichlorophenyl)sulfonyl]-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro- 3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine 384

7-[(2,5-dimethylphenyl)sulfonyl]-6,7,8,9- tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine 343

General Procedure L: Compounds of the present invention can be conveniently prepared by the general procedure illustrated below:

Example 318 Synthesis of N-phenyl-8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7(6H)-carboxamide

Step 1: To a solution of 3-(4-methoxy-benzyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine (0.075 g, 0.256 mmol) in dichloromethane (3 mL) was added phenyl isocyanate (31 μL, 0.281 mmol). The reaction mixture was shaken at room temperature for 1 hour. The solvent was then removed under reduced pressure to give 3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-N-phenyl-8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7(6H)-carboxamide as a tan solid (LCMS [M+H]:414), which was used for next step without further purification. White solid; M.p.=>65° C.; 400 MHz ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ: 8.72 (s, 1H), 8.41 (s, 1H), 8.20 (s, 1H), 7.51-7.45 (m, 2H), 7.28-7.15 (m, 4H), 6.98-6.91 (m, 1H), 6.88-6.82 (m, 2H), 5.59 (s, 2H), 4.79 (s, 2H), 3.82 (t, 6.4 hz, 2H), 3.67 (s, 3H), 3.14 (t, J=J=6.4 Hz, 2H); LCMS [M+H]: 414.6.

Step 2: To the solid obtained above was added trifluoroacetic acid (2 mL). The reaction mixture was heated at 65° C. for 16 hours. On completion of the reaction, toluene (5 mL) was added. The reaction mixture was evaporated to dryness under reduced pressure to yield a dark brown solid. The residue was then partitioned between EtOAc and aqueous NaHCO₃. The organic layer was then separated, washed with brine (2×10 mL) and concentrated under reduced pressure to give a residue. The crude product was purified using either flash column chromatography (SiO₂, 1% methanol in EtOAc) or reverse phase HPLC to give the desired product, N-phenyl-8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7(6H)-carboxamide as a white solid (0.057 g, 75%). M.p.=184-186° C.; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ13.58 (s, 1H), 8.71 (s, 1H), 8.34 (s, 1H), 8.17 (s, 1H), 7.49 (m, 2H), 7.24 (m, 2H), 6.32 (m, 1H), 4.77 (s, 2H), 3.81 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 3.74 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H); LCMS [M+H]: 294.

Example 319 Synthesis of N-phenyl-6,7-dihydropyrazolo[4′,3′:5,6]pyrido[3,4-d][1]benzazepine-8(3H)-carboxamide

The compound N-phenyl-6,7-dihydropyrazolo[4′,3′:5,6]pyrido[3,4-d][1]benzazepine-8(3H)-carboxamide was prepared using 3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-3,6,7,8-tetrahydropyrazolo[4′,3′:5,6]pyrido[3,4-d][1]benzazepine and phenyl isocyanate as described in the two step general procedure L to give the desired compound as an off-white solid (0.048 g, 31%). M.p.>140° C.; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz) δ 11.35 (brs, 1H), 8.08 (s, 1H), 8.00 (s, 1H), 7.99 (m, 1H), 7.68-7.60 (m, 2H), 7.46 (dd, J₁=1.6 Hz, J₂=7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.15-7.06 (m, 4H), 6.90 (m, 1H), 5.97 (s, 1H), 4.75 (m, 1H), 3.77 (m, 1H), 2.90 (m, 2H); LCMS [M+H]: 356.

Examples 320-400

Compounds in Table 6 are synthesized by using general procedure L as described herein.

TABLE 6 LC/MS Structure IUPAC Name [M + 1]

1-[2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3- (6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4- c]isoquinolin-7-yl)urea 410

1-(2-chloro-5-methylphenyl)-3-(6,7,8,9- tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinolin- 7-yl)urea 356

1-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)ethyl]-3-(6,7,8,9- tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinolin- 7-yl)urea 370

1-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4- c]isoquinolin-7-yl)-3-[3- (trifluoromethyl)phenyl]urea 376

1-(3-methoxybenzyl)-3-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro- 3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinolin-7-yl)urea 352

1-(2-phenylethyl)-3-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro- 3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinolin-7-yl)urea 336

1-(2-naphthyl)-3-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H- pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinolin-7-yl)urea 358

1-[2-fluoro-6-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3- (6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4- c]isoquinolin-7-yl)urea 394

1-(2,1,3-benzothiadiazol-4-yl)-3-(6,7,8,9- tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinolin- 7-yl)urea 366

1-(1-naphthyl)-3-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H- pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinolin-7-yl)urea 358

1-(3-chloro-2-fluorophenyl)-3-(6,7,8,9- tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinolin- 7-yl)urea 360

ethyl N-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H- pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinolin-7- ylcarbamoyl)glycinate 318

1-(3-methyl-5-phenylisoxazol-4-yl)-3- (6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4- c]isoquinolin-7-yl)urea 389

1-(2,6-difluorophenyl)-3-(6,7,8,9- tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinolin- 7-yl)urea 344

1-(2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-5-yl)-3-(6,7,8,9- tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinolin- 7-yl)urea 348

1-[2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl]-3-(6,7,8,9- tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinolin- 7-yl)urea 366

1-propyl-3-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H- pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoqinolin-7-yl)urea 274

1-(9H-fluoren-2-yl)-3-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro- 3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinolin-7-yl)urea 396

1-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4- c]isoquinolin-7-yl)-3-[2-(2- thienyl)ethyl]urea 342

1-(3,4-dichlorobenzyl)-3-(6,7,8,9- tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinolin- 7-yl)urea 390

1-(2-chlorophenyl)-3-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro- 3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinolin-7-yl)urea 342

1-benzyl-3-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H- pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinolin-7-yl)urea 322

N-[2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]- 3,6,8,9-tetrahydro-7H-pyrazolo[3,4- c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-carboxamide 396

N-(2-chloro-5-methylphenyl)-3,6,8,9- tetrahydro-7H-pyrazolo[3,4- c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-carboxamide 342

N-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)ethyl]-3,6,8,9- tetrahydro-7H-pyrazolo[3,4- c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-carboxamide 356

N-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3,6,8,9- tetrahydro-7H-pyrazolo[3,4- c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-carboxamide 362

N-(3-methoxybenzyl)-3,6,8,9-tetrahydro- 7H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7- carboxamide 338

N-(2-phenylethyl)-3,6,8,9-tetrahydro-7H- pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7- carboxamide 322

N-2-naphthyl-3,6,8,9-tetrahydro-7H- pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7- carboxamide 344

N-[2-fluoro-6-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]- 3,6,8,9-tetrahydro-7H-pyrazolo[3,4- c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-carboxamide 380

N-2,1,3-benzothiadiazol-4-yl-3,6,8,9- tetrahydro-7H-pyrazolo[3,4- c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-carboxamide 352

N-1-naphthyl-3,6,8,9-tetrahydro-7H- pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7- carboxamide 344

N-(3-chloro-2-fluorophenyl)-3,6,8,9- tetrahydro-7H-pyrazolo[3,4- c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-carboxamide 346

ethyl N-(3,6,8,9-tetrahydro-7H- pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridin-7- ylcarbonyl)glycinate 304

N-(2,6-difluorophenyl)-3,6,8,9-tetrahydro- 7H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7- carboxamide 330

N-propyl-3,6,8,9-tetrahydro-7H- pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7- carboxamide 260

N-[2-(2-thienyl)ethyl]-3,6,8,9-tetrahydro- 7H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7- carboxamide 328

N-(2-chlorophenyl)-3,6,8,9-tetrahydro-7H- pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7- carboxamide 328

1-biphenyl-2-yl-3-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H- pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinolin-7-yl)urea 384

1-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-3-(6,7,8,9- tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinolin- 7-yl)urea 364

1-[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]-3- (6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4- c]isoquinolin-7-yl)urea 396

methyl 4-[(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H- pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinolin-7- ylcarbamoyl)amino]benzoate 366

1-(2-chlorobenzyl)-3-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro- 3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinolin-7-yl)urea 356

1-(3-phenoxyphenyl)-3-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro- 3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinolin-7-yl)urea 400

1-[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]-3-(6,7,8,9- tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinolin- 7-yl)urea 351

1-(2-methoxy-5-methylphenyl)-3-(6,7,8,9- tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinolin- 7-yl)urea 352

1-(cyclohexylmethyl)-3-(6,7,8,9- tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinolin- 7-yl)urea 328

1-(2-phenoxyphenyl)-3-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro- 3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinolin-7-yl)urea 400

1-(4-ethoxyphenyl)-3-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro- 3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinolin-7-yl)urea 352

N-biphenyl-2-yl-3,6,8,9-tetrahydro-7H- pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7- carboxamide 370

N-[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]-3,6,8,9- tetrahydro-7H-pyrazolo[3,4- c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-carboxamide 382

methyl 4-[(3,6,8,9-tetrahydro-7H- pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridin-7- ylcarbonyl)amino]benzoate 352

N-(2-chlorobenzyl)-3,6,8,9-tetrahydro-7H- pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7- carboxamide 342

N-(3-phenoxyphenyl)-3,6,8,9-tetrahydro- 7H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7- carboxamide 386

N-[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]-3,6,8,9- tetrahydro-7H-pyrazolo[3,4- c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-carboxamide 337

N-(cyclohexylmethyl)-3,6,8,9-tetrahydro- 7H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7- carboxamide 314

N-(2-phenoxyphenyl)-3,6,8,9-tetrahydro- 7H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7- carboxamide 386

N-(4-ethoxyphenyl)-3,6,8,9-tetrahydro-7H- pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7- carboxamide 338

1-(2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-yl)-3- (6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4- c]isoquinolin-7-yl)urea 350

1-(4-phenoxyphenyl)-3-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro- 3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinolin-7-yl)urea 400

N-(2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-yl)-3,6,8,9- tetrahydro-7H-pyrazolo[3,4- c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-carboxamide 336

N-(4-phenoxyphenyl)-3,6,8,9-tetrahydro- 7H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7- carboxamide 386

N-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-3,6,8,9-tetrahydro- 7H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7- carboxamide 330

N-(3,4-difluorophenyl)-3,6,8,9-tetrahydro- 7H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7- carboxamide 330

N-(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)-3,6,8,9- tetrahydro-7H-pyrazolo[3,4- c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-carboxamide 346

N-(3-fluorophenyl)-3,6,8,9-tetrahydro-7H- pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7- carboxamide 312

N-[3-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]- 3,6,8,9-tetrahydro-7H-pyrazolo[3,4- c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-carboxamide 380

N-(3-methyl-5-phenylisoxazol-4-yl)- 3,6,8,9-tetrahydro-7H-pyrazolo[3,4- c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-carboxamide 375

N-(3-methylphenyl)-3,6,8,9-tetrahydro-7H- pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7- carboxamide 308

N-(3-chlorophenyl)-3,6,8,9-tetrahydro-7H- pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7- carboxamide 328

N-[4-chloro-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]- 3,6,8,9-tetrahydro-7H-pyrazolo[3,4- c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-carboxamide 396

N-(3-methoxyphenyl)-3,6,8,9-tetrahydro- 7H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7- carboxamide 324

N-(3-bromophenyl)-3,6,8,9-tetrahydro-7H- pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7- carboxamide 372

N-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-3,6,8,9- tetrahydro-7H-pyrazolo[3,4- c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-carboxamide 354

N-{3-[(trifluoromethyl)sulfanyl]phenyl}- 3,6,8,9-tetrahydro-7H-pyrazolo[3,4- c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-carboxamide 394

N-(3-nitrophenyl)-3,6,8,9-tetrahydro-7H- pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7- carboxamide 339

N-1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl-3,6,8,9-tetrahydro- 7H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7- carboxamide 338

N-(3-acetylphenyl)-3,6,8,9-tetrahydro-7H- pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7- carboxamide 336

N-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-3,6,8,9- tetrahydro-7H-pyrazolo[3,4- c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-carboxamide 384

N-(3,4-dimethylphenyl)-3,6,8,9-tetrahydro- 7H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7- carboxamide 322

N-[3-(methylsulfanyl)phenyl]-3,6,8,9- tetrahydro-7H-pyrazolo[3,4- c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-carboxamide 340

General Procedure M: Compounds of the present invention can be conveniently prepared by the general procedure illustrated below:

Example 401 Synthesis of N-(3-(2-methylthiazol-4-yl)phenyl)-8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7(6H)-carboxamide

To a solution of 6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridin-7-ium 2,2,2-trifluoroacetate (0.100 g, 0.25 mmol) in THF (5 mL) and Hunig's Base (0.26 mL, 1.50 mmol) was added 4-(3-isocyanatophenyl)-2-methylthiazole (0.0567 g, 0.25 mmol). The reaction was shaken at room temperature for 2 hours. The solvent was then removed under reduced pressure followed by addition of 1 M Na₂CO₃ (5 mL) and EtOAc (10 mL). The organic layer was separated, washed with water (3×10 mL) followed by adding water (10 mL). The EtOAC was then removed under reduced pressure. A white solid crashed out which was filtered, washed with water, dried under reduced pressure to give the pure desired product, N-(3-(2-methylthiazol-4-yl)phenyl)-8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7(6H)-carboxamide as a white solid (0.069 g, 71%).

Alternatively, the crude product could be purified using reverse phase HPLC. M.p.=>155° C.; 400 MHz ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ: 13.59 (s, 1H), 8.85 (s, 1H), 8.36 (s, 1H), 8.2-8.16 (m, 1H), 8.08-8.04 (m, 1H), 7.82 (s, 1H), 7.57-7.48 (m, 2H), 7.32-7.26 (m, 1H), 4.80 (s, 2H), 3.86 (t, J=6 Hz, 2H), 3.16 (t, J=6 Hz, 2H), 2.71 (s, 3H); LCMS [M+H]: 391.6.

Example 402 Synthesis of 1-bromo-N-(3-(2-methylthiazol-4-yl)phenyl)-8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7(6H)-carboxamide

The compound 1-bromo-N-(3-(2-methylthiazol-4-yl)phenyl)-8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7(6H)-carboxamide was prepared using 1-bromo-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridin-7-ium 2,2,2-trifluoroacetate and 4-(3-isocyanatophenyl)-2-methylthiazole as described in general procedure M and was obtained as a pale yellow solid (0.025 g, 15%). M.p.=258-261° C.; 400 MHz ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ: 13.96 (s, 1H), 8.87 (s, 1H), 8.42 (s, 1H), 8.05 (m, 1H), 7.82 (m, 1H), 7.56-7.48 (m, 2H), 7.32-7.26 (m, 1H), 4.79 (s, 2H), 3.85 (t, J=6 Hz, 2H), 3.39 (t, J=6 Hz, 2H), 2.71 (s, 3H); LCMS [M+H]: 468.

Example 403 1-bromo-N-{3-[(6-methylpyrazin-2-yl)oxy]phenyl}-3,6,8,9-tetrahydro-7H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-carboxamide

The compound, 1-bromo-N-{3-[(6-methylpyrazin-2-yl)oxy]phenyl}-3,6,8,9-tetrahydro-7H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-carboxamide was prepared using 1-bromo-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridin-7-ium 2,2,2-trifluoroacetate and 2-(3-isocyanatophenoxy)-6-methylpyrazine as described in general procedure M. Yellow solid; M.p.=221-223° C.; 400 MHz ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ: 13.96 (s, 1H), 8.87 (s, 1H), 8.40 (s, 1H), 8.28 (s, 1H), 8.27 (s, 1H), 7.4-7.26 (m, 3H), 6.79-6.74 (m, 1H), 4.76 (s, 2H), 3.82 (t, J=6 Hz, 2H), 3.37 (t, J=6 Hz, 2H), 2.35 (s, 3H); LCMS [M+H]: 479.9.

Example 404 1-bromo-N-[3-(5-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)phenyl]-3,6,8,9-tetrahydro-7H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-carboxamide

The compound, 1-bromo-N-[3-(5-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)phenyl]-3,6,8,9-tetrahydro-7H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-carboxamide was prepared using 1-bromo-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridin-7-ium 2,2,2-trifluoroacetate and 3-(3-isocyanatophenoxy)-5-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazole as described in general procedure M. The product was obtained as a white solid; M.p.=>152° C.; 400 MHz ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ: 13.96 (s, 1H), 9.0 (s, 1H), 8.42 (s, 1H), 8.22 (s, 1H), 7.77-7.2 (s, 1H), 7.6-7.55 (m, 1H), 7.46-7.4 (m, 1H), 4.79 (s, 2H), 3.9-3.82 (m, 2H), 3.42-3.36 (m, 2H), 2.66 (s, 3H); LCMS [M+H]: 454.11.

Example 405 N-{3-[(6-methylpyrazin-2-yl)oxy]phenyl}-3,6,8,9-tetrahydro-7H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-carboxamide

The compound, N-{3-[(6-methylpyrazin-2-yl)oxy]phenyl}-3,6,8,9-tetrahydro-7H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-carboxamide was prepared using 6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridin-7-ium 2,2,2-trifluoroacetate and 2-(3-isocyanatophenoxy)-6-methylpyrazine as described in general procedure M. The product was obtained as a white solid; 400 MHz ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ: 13.59 (s, 1H), 8.86 (s, 2H), 8.34 (s, 1H), 8.3-8.25 (m, 2H), 8.17 (s, 1H), 7.4-7.26 (m, 3H), 6.8-6.74 (m, 1H), 4.77 (s, 2H), 3.82 (t, J=5.6 Hz, 2H), 3.14 (t, J=5.6 Hz, 2H), 2.35 (s, 3H); LCMS [M+H]: 402.

Example 406 Synthesis of N-(3-(5-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)phenyl)-8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7(6H)-carboxamide

The compound N-(3-(5-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)phenyl)-8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7(6H)-carboxamide was prepared using 6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridin-7-ium 2,2,2-trifluoroacetate and 3-(3-isocyanatophenoxy)-5-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazole as described in general procedure M. The compound was obtained as a white solid. M.p.=>140° C.; 400 MHz ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ: 13.59 (s, 1H), 8.98 (s, 1H), 8.36 (s, 1H), 8.24-8.21 (m, 1H), 8.18 (s, 1H), 7.78-7.72 (m, 1H), 7.6-7.55 (m, 1H), 7.46-7.4 (m, 1H), 4.81 (s, 2H), 3.86 (t, J=6.4 Hz, 2H), 3.16 (t, J=6 Hz, 2H), 2.66 (s, 3H); LCMS [M+H]: 376.

Example 407 Synthesis of N,1-diphenyl-8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7(6H)-carboxamide

The compound, 1-diphenyl-8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7(6H)-carboxamide was prepared by using 1-phenyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridin-7-ium chloride as described in general procedure M. The product was isolated as a white solid. M.p.=150-170° C.; 400 MHz ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ: 13.73 (s, 1H), 8.67 (s, 1H), 8.40 (s, 1H), 7.68-7.63 (m, 2H), 7.56-7.44 (m, 5H), 7.28-7.2 (m, 2H), 6.98-6.92 (m, 1H), 4.79 (s, 2H), 3.66 (t, J=6 Hz, 2H), 2.91 (t, J=6 Hz, 2H); LCMS [M+H]: 370.

Example 408 Synthesis of N-(3-benzylphenyl)-8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7(6H)-carboxamide

To a solution of the 6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridin-7-ium 2,2,2-trifluoroacetate (0.08 g, 0.2 mmol) in 1,2-dichloroethane (2 mL) was added Hunig's Base (0.2 mL) followed by 1-benzyl-3-isocyanatobenzene (40 μl, 0.2 mmol). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours before being diluted with water (50 mL) and extracted with dichloromethane (2×50 mL). The organic extracts were dried with anhydrous magnesium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure to give a pale yellow oil. A minimum amount of dichloromethane was added and N-(3-benzylphenyl)-8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7(6H)-carboxamide crystallized out as a white solid (0.038 g, 36%). M.p.=175-178° C. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) 400 MHz δ 8.66 (s, 1H), 8.33 (s, 1H), 8.16 (s, 1H), 7.33-7.13 (m, 8H), 6.83 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 4.75 (s, 2H), 3.88 (s, 2H), 3.80 (d, J=5.2 Hz, 2H). LCMS [M+H]: 384.

Example 409 Synthesis of N-(4-methoxybiphenyl-3-yl)-8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7(6H)-carboxamide

To a solution of the 6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridin-7-ium 2,2,2-trifluoroacetate (0.06 g, 0.15 mmol) and Hunig's Base (0.2 mL) in dichloroethane (2 mL) was added 3-isocyanato-4-methoxybiphenyl (0.034 g, 0.15 mmol). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 24 hours before being poured into dichloromethane (50 mL) and washed with water (100 mL). The organic layer was dried with anhydrous magnesium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure to give an off white solid. Trituration with diethylether (20 mL) gave N-(4-methoxybiphenyl-3-yl)-8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7(6H)-carboxamide as an off white powder (0.030 g, 40%). M.p.=148-151° C. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) 400 MHz δ 8.37 (s, 1H), 8.18 (s, 1H), 7.96 (s, 1H), 7.58-7.30 (m, 6H), 7.10 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 4.80 (s, 2H), 3.87-3.83 (m, 5H), 3.17 (s, 2H). LCMS [M+H]: 400.

Example 410 Synthesis of 1-bromo-N(3-phenoxyphenyl)-8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-(6H) carboxamide

To a solution of 1-bromo-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[2,3-c][2,7]naphthyridine hydrochloride (0.075 g, 0.26 mmol) in 1,2-dichloroethane (5 mL), Hunig's Base (0.13 mL, 0.78 mmol) was added and stirred under inert atmosphere. After 10 minutes, 3-phenoxyphenyl isocyanate (0.052 g, 0.35 mmol) was added and the reaction was allowed to stir till complete as observed by LCMS. The mixture was diluted with 1,2-dichloroethane (10 mL) and washed with water (2×5 mL), brine (5 mL), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and dried under reduced pressure. The resulting pale brown solid was purified using flash column chromatography (SiO₂, ethyl acetate/hexanes) to give the desired product as off white solid (0.030 g, 25%). M.p.=245-247° C., 400 MHz ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ: 8.78 (s, 1H), 8.38 (s, 1H), 7.38-7.34 (m, 2H), 7.26-7.21 (m, 3H), 6.99-6.97 (m, 2H), 6.59-6.57 (m, 1H), 4.70 (s, 2H), 3.78-3.75 (t, J=5.87 Hz, 2H), 3.32-3.29 (t, J=6 Hz, 2H); LCMS [M+H]: 464.

Example 411 Synthesis of 1-bromo-N(3-methoxyphenyl)-8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-(6H) carboxamide

To a solution of 1-bromo-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[2,3-c][2,7]naphthyridine hydrochloride (0.100 g, 0.35 mmol) in 1,2-dichloroethane (5 mL), Hunig's Base (0.25 mL, 1.4 mmol) was added and stirred under inert atmosphere. After 10 minutes, 3-methoxyphenyl isocyanate (0.052 mg, 0.35 mmol) was added and the reaction was allowed to stir till complete as observed by LCMS. The mixture was diluted with 1,2-dichloroethane (10 mL) and washed with water (2×5 mL), brine (5 mL), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and dried in vacuo. The resulting pale brown solid was purified using flash column chromatography (SiO₂, ethyl acetate/hexanes) to give the desired product as white solid (0.045 g, 32%). M.p.=210-211° C., 400 MHz ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ: 13.9 (s, 1H), 8.68 (s, 1H), 8.37 (s, 1H), 7.14-7.05 (m, 3H), 6.52-6.48 (d, J=9.3 Hz, 1H), 4.72 (s, 2H), 3.79-3.75 (t, J=5.87 Hz, 2H), 3.33-3.29 (t, J=6 Hz, 2H); LCMS [M+H]: 403.

General Procedure N: Compounds of the present invention can be conveniently prepared by the general procedure illustrated below:

Example 412 Synthesis of N-phenyl-8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7(6H)-carboxamide

Step 1: Synthesis of 3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7(6H)-carbonyl chloride. To a 1M solution of 3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine (0.84 g, 2.88 mmol) in anhydrous THF was added dropwise triphosgene (1.28 g, 4.32 mmol) and triethylamine (0.92 mL, 6.62 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 hours. The solvent was then removed under reduced pressure to give the desired product, 3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7(6H)-carbonyl chloride as an orange solid was used immediately in the next step without any further purification.

Step 2: Synthesis of N-phenyl-8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7(6H)-carboxamide. Step (i): To a 0.1M solution of 3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7(6H)-carbonyl chloride (0.5 mL, 0.050 mmol) in anhydrous DMF was added a 0.1M solution of aniline (0.75 mL, 0.075 mmol) in anhydrous DMF. The reaction mixture allowed shaken at 80° C. for 16 hours. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and to give the desired product, 3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-N-phenyl-8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7(6H)-carboxamide as a solid, which was used in the next step without any further purification. Step (ii): To the product obtained in Step 2(i) was added trifluoroacetic acid (1 mL). The reaction mixture was heated at 70° C. for 16 hours. On the completion of the reaction, toluene (3 mL) was added and the solvent removed under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified using reverse phase HPLC to give the desired product, N-phenyl-8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7(6H)-carboxamide as a white solid. LCMS [M+H]: 294.

Examples 413-425

Compounds in Table 7 are synthesized by using general procedure N as described herein.

TABLE 7 LC/MS Structure IUPAC Name [M + 1]

N-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-3,6,8,9-tetrahydro-7H- pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7- carboxamide 350

N-(2-pyridin-2-ylethyl)-3,6,8,9-tetrahydro-7H- pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7- carboxamide 323

1-(3,6,8,9-tetrahydro-7H-pyrazolo[3,4- c][2,7]naphthyridin-7-ylcarbonyl)-1,4-diazepan- 5-one 315

7-{[4-(2-morpholin-4-yl-2-oxoethyl)piperazin- 1-yl]carbonyl}-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H- pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine 414

N-[4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)phenyl]-3,6,8,9- tetrahydro-7H-pyrazolo[3,4- c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-carboxamide 392

7-{[2-(1H-indol-2-yl)pyrrolidin-1-yl]carbonyl}- 6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4- c][2,7]naphthyridine 387

N-(pyridin-3-ylmethyl)-3,6,8,9-tetrahydro-7H- pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7- carboxamide 309

7-{[4-(4-methoxybenzyl)piperazin-1- yl]carbonyl}-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H- pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine 407

N,N-dimethyl-3-[4-(3,6,8,9-tetrahydro-7H- pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridin-7- ylcarbonyl)piperazin-1-yl]propan-1-amine 372

N-[(5-methylpyrazin-2-yl)methyl]-3,6,8,9- tetrahydro-7H-pyrazolo[3,4- c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-carboxamide 324

1-(3,6,8,9-tetrahydro-7H-pyrazolo[3,4- c][2,7]naphthyridin-7-ylcarbonyl)piperidine-3- carboxamide 329

N-isobutyl-3,6,8,9-tetrahydro-7H-pyrazolo[3,4- c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-carboxamide 274

N-(3-fluorobenzyl)-3,6,8,9-tetrahydro-7H- pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7- carboxamide 326

General Procedure O: Compounds of the present invention can be conveniently prepared by the general procedure illustrated below:

Example 426 Synthesis of N-phenyl-8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7(6H)-carbothioamide

Step 1: To a solution of 3-(4-methoxy-benzyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine (0.131 g, 0.44 mmol) in dichloromethane (5 mL) was added phenyl isothiocyanate (58 μL, 0.48 mmol). The reaction mixture was shaken at room temperature for 2 hours. The solvent was then removed under reduced pressure to give 3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-N-phenyl-8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7(6H)-carbothioamide as a solid residue (LCMS [M+H]: 430), which was used for next step without further purification.

Step 2: To the solid obtained as described above was added trifluoroacetic acid (1 mL). The reaction mixture was heated at 65° C. for 16 hours. On completion of the reaction, toluene (5 mL) was added. The solvent was then removed under reduced pressure to give a dark brown solid. The crude product was purified using reverse phase HPLC chromatography to give the desired product, N-phenyl-8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7(6H)-carbothioamide as an off-white solid (0.015 g, 10%). M.p.=200-202° C.; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ13.62 (s, 1H), 9.50 (s, 1H), 8.34 (s, 1H), 8.21 (s, 1H), 7.32 (m, 4H), 7.11 (m, 1H), 5.19 (s, 2H), 4.22 (t, J=5.6 Hz, 2H), 3.24 (t, J=5.6 Hz, 2H); LCMS [M+H]:310.

General Procedure P: Compounds of the present invention can be conveniently prepared by the general procedure illustrated below:

Example 427 Synthesis of (8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridin-7(6H)-yl)(phenyl)methanone

Step 1: A solution of 3-(4-methoxy-benzyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine (0.14 g, 0.47 mmol) in trifluoroacetic acid (2 mL) was heated at 65° C. for 16 hours. On completion of the reaction, toluene (5 mL) was added. The solvent was then removed under reduced pressure to give a dark brown solid. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure to give 6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine as a TFA salt. LCMS [M+H]: 175.

Step 2: To 6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine trifluoroaceate salt was added benzoic acid (0.064 g, 0.52 mmol), dimethyl acetamide (4 mL), dimethylformamide (2 mL) and Et₃N (1.0 mL). The mixture was vortexed to ensure that the solid was fully in solution before adding HBTU (0.20 g, 0.52 mmol). The reaction mixture was shaken at room temperature for 16 hours. On completion of the reaction, EtOAc (20 mL) and 1.5M NaOH (10 mL) was added to the reaction mixture. The organic layer was separated, washed with water (2×20 mL) and concentrated under reduce pressure. The crude product was purified using flash column chromatography (SiO₂, 80% EtOAc in hexanes) to give the desired product, (8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridin-7(6H)-yl)(phenyl)methanone (0.20 g, 15%) as a white solid. M.p.=198-200° C.; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ13.60 (s, 1H), 8.44 & 8.15 (m, 2H), 7.49 (m, 5H), 4.90 & 4.71 (m, 2H), 4.02 & 3.66 (m, 2H), 3.16 (m, 2H); LCMS [M+H]: 279.

General Procedure Q: Compounds of the present invention can be conveniently prepared by the general procedure illustrated below:

Example 428 Synthesis of 3,7-bis(4-methoxybenzyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine

Step 1: Synthesis of 3,7-bis(4-methoxybenzyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine. To a solution of 3-(4-methoxy-benzyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine (0.125 g, 0.425 mmol) in dichloroethane (5 mL) and Et₃N (0.18 mL, 1.27 mmol) was added 3-methoxybenzaldehyde (57.3 μL, 0.467 mmol) followed by tetramethylammonium triacetoxyborohydride (0.33 g, 1.27 mmol). The reaction mixture was shaken at room temperature 56 hours followed by the addition of 1.5M NaOH (10 mL). The reaction mixture was shaken at room temperature for 1 hour. The reaction mixture was than extracted with EtOAc (30 mL). The organic layer was washed with brine (2×10 mL), dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to give a residue. The crude product was purified using flash column chromatography (SiO₂, gradient from 50% EtOAc in hexanes to 66% EtOAc in hexane) to give the desired product, 3,7-bis(4-methoxybenzyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine as a pale yellow solid (0.119 g, 67%). M.p.=105-107° C.; 400 MHz ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ: 8.25 (s, 1H), 8.11 (s, 1H), 7.28 (d, J=8.4 hz, 2H), 7.17 (d, J=8 Hz, 2H), 6.91 (d, J=8 Hz, 2H), 6.83 (d, J=8.8 hz, 2H), 5.56 (s, 2H), 3.75 (s, 3H), 3.69 (s, 3H), 3.68-3.6 (m, 4H), 3.12-3.03 (m, 2H), 2.82-2.73 (m, 2H); LCMS [M+H]: 415.

Step 2: Synthesis of 7-(4-methoxybenzyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine. To 3,7-bis-(4-methoxy-benzyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine (0.092 g, 0.22 mmol) was added trifluoroacetic acid (3 mL). The reaction mixture was heated at 65° C. for 16 hours. On the completion of the reaction, toluene (5 mL) was added. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure to give a dark brown solid. The residue was then partitioned between EtOAc and aqueous NaOH. The organic layer was then separated, washed with brine (2×10 mL), dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to give a residue. The crude product was purified using flash column chromatography (SiO₂, 1% methanol in EtOAc) to desired product, 7-(4-methoxybenzyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine as a pale yellow solid (0.047 g, 72%). M.p.=184-186° C.; 400 MHz ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ: 13.49 (s, 1H), 8.19 (s, 1H), 8.08 (s, 1H), 7.32-7.26 (m, 2H), 6.94-6.88 (m, 2H), 3.75 (s, 3H), 3.64 (s, 2H), 3.62 (s, 2H), 3.1-3.03 (m, 2H), 2.8-2.72 (m, 2H); LCMS [M+H]: 295.

Example 429 Synthesis of N-benzyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinolin-7-amine

Step 1: Synthesis of N-benzyl-3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinolin-7-amine. To a suspension of 3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinolin-7-amine trifluoroacetate salt (0.094 g, 0.22 mmol) in toluene (3 mL) and ethanol (1 mL) was added Hunig's Base (0.11 mL, 0.66 mmol). The mixture was vortexed to ensure dissolution followed by the addition of benzaldehyde (22 μL, 0.22 mmol). The reaction mixture was heated at 100° C. for 2 hours followed by removal of solvent under reduced pressure. To the residue was added dichloromethane (10 mL), Hunig's Base (0.10 mL) followed by sodium triacetoxyborohydride (0.173 g, 0.66 mmol). The reaction mixture was shaken at room temperature for 65 hours. The reaction was quenched by addition of 1.5M NaOH (10 mL) and shaking it at room temperature for 1 hour. The organic layer was then separated, washed with brine (2×10 mL) and concentrated under reduced pressure to give the crude product. The crude product was purified by reverse phase HPLC to give the desired product, N-benzyl-3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinolin-7-amine as a TFA salt and a pale yellow solid (0.045 g, 51%). Alternatively the crude product could be used in the next step without any further purification M.p.>178° C.; 400 MHz ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ: 9.07 (brs, 2H), 8.08 (s, 1H), 8.02 (s, 1H), 7.56-7.44 (m, 5H), 7.16 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 6.85 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 5.54 (s, 2H), 4.32 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 3.69 (s, 3H), 3.64 (m, 1H), 3.41 (m, 1H), 3.11 (m, 3H), 2.41 (m, 1H), 1.98 (m, 1H); LCMS [M+H]: 399.

Step 2: Synthesis of N-benzyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinolin-7-amine. To N-benzyl-3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinolin-7-amine (0.030 g, 0.075 mmol) was added trifluoroacetic acid (3 mL). The reaction mixture was heated at 65° C. for 2 hours. On completion of the reaction, toluene (2 mL) was added and the solvent removed under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified using reverse phase HPLC to give the desired product, N-benzyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinolin-7-amine as a TFA salt and a white solid (0.015 g, 71%). M.p.>232° C.; 400 MHz ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ: 13.39 (s, 1H), 9.06 (brs, 2H), 8.05 (d, J=1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.99 (s, 1H), 7.56 (m, 2H), 7.46 (m, 3H), 4.31 (s, 2H), 3.61 (m, 1H), 3.43 (m, 1H), 3.08 (m, 3H), 2.43 (m, 1H), 1.97 (m, 1H); LCMS [M+H]: 279.

General Procedure R: Compounds of the present invention can be conveniently prepared by the general procedure illustrated below:

Example 430 Synthesis of N-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinolin-7-yl)benzamide

Step 1: Synthesis of N-(3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinolin-7-yl)benzamide. To a solution of 3-(4-methoxy-benzyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinolin-7-ylamine trifluoroacetate salt (0.092 g, 0.21 mmol) in dichloromethane (5 mL) and Hunig's Base (0.20 mL) was added benzoyl chloride (50 μL, 0.43 mmol). The reaction mixture was shaken at room temperature for 1 hour. The solvent was then removed under reduced pressure and the residue partitioned between EtOAc and 1.0N NaOH. The organic layer was then separated, washed with brine (2×10 mL) and concentrated under reduced pressure to give a residue. The crude product was purified by reverse phase HPLC to give the desired product, N-(3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinolin-7-yl)benzamide as an off-white solid (0.046 g, 51%). Alternatively the crude product could be used in the next step without any further purification. M.p.>65° C.; 400 MHz ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ: 8.50 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 8.03 (s, 1H), 7.95 (s, 1H), 7.87 (m, 2H), 7.48 (m, 3H), 7.17 (m, 2H), 6.85 (m, 2H), 5.53 (m, 2H), 4.30 (m, 1H), 3.70 (s, 3H), 3.24-3.13 (m, 3H), 2.95 (m, 1H), 2.16 (m, 1H), 1.99 (m, 1H); LCMS [M+H]: 413.

Step 2: Synthesis of N-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinolin-7-yl)benzamide. To N-[3-(4-methoxy-benzyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinolin-7-yl]-benzamide (0.084 g, 0.21 mmol) was added trifluoroacetic acid (2 mL). The reaction mixture was heated at 65° C. for 16 hours. On completion of the reaction, toluene (5 mL) was added and the solvent removed under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified using reverse phase HPLC to give the desired product, N-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinolin-7-yl)benzamide as a white solid (0.015 g, 25%). M.p.>300° C.; 400 MHz ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ: 13.31 (s, 1H), 8.49 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 8.00 (d, J=1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.92 (s, 1H), 7.86 (m, 2H), 7.48 (m, 3H), 4.28 (m, 1H), 3.22-2.91 (m, 4H), 2.13 (m, 1H), 1.96 (m, 1H); LCMS [M+H]: 293.

Example 431 Synthesis of 8-(phenylcarbonyl)-3,6,7,8-tetrahydropyrazolo[4′,3′:5,6]pyrido[3,4-d][1]benzazepine

The compound, 8-(phenylcarbonyl)-3,6,7,8-tetrahydropyrazolo[4′,3′:5,6]pyrido[3,4-d][1]benzazepine was prepared using 3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-3,6,7,8-tetrahydropyrazolo[4′,3′:5,6]pyrido[3,4-d][1]benzazepine and bezoyl chloride using the 2 step conditions described in general procedure R to give the desired product as a white solid (0.028 g, 19%). M.p.>150° C.; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz) δ: 11.25 (brs, 1H), 8.15 (s, 1H), 8.09 (s, 1H), 7.84 (dd, J₁=1.2 Hz, J₂=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.41 (m, 1H), 7.21-7.07 (m, 6H), 6.82 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 4.74 (m, 1H), 3.92 (m, 1H), 3.00 (m, 2H); LCMS [M+H]: 341.

Example 432 Synthesis of 1-phenyl-3-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinolin-7-yl)urea

Step 1: Synthesis of 1-(3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinolin-7-yl)-3-phenylurea. To a solution of 3-(4-methoxy-benzyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinolin-7-ylamine (0.095 g, 0.308 mmol) in dichloromethane (5 mL) was added phenyl isocyanate (37 μL, 0.34 mmol). The reaction mixture was shaken at room temperature for 1 hour. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the crude product purified using flash column chromatography (SiO₂, gradient from 50% EtOAc in hexane to 66% EtOAc in hexane) to give the desired product, 1-(3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinolin-7-yl)-3-phenylurea as a white solid (0.112 g, 84%). Alternative the crude product can be used in the next step without any further purification. M.p. 192-194° C.; 400 MHz ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ: 8.31 (s, 1H), 8.03 (s, 1H), 7.95 (s, 1H), 7.36 (m, 2H), 7.20 (m, 4H), 6.86 (m, 3H), 6.32 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 5.54 (s, 2H), 4.05 (m, 1H), 3.70 (s, 3H), 3.17 (m, 1H), 3.08 (m, 3H), 2.81 (m, 1H), 2.11 (m, 1H), 1.89 (m, 1H); LCMS [M+H]: 428.

Step 2: Synthesis of 1-phenyl-3-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinolin-7-yl)urea. To 1-[3-(4-methoxy-benzyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinolin-7-yl]-3-phenyl-urea (0.093 g, 0.217 mmol) was added trifluoroacetic acid (1 mL). The reaction mixture was heated at 65° C. for 16 hours. On completion of the reaction, toluene (2 mL) was added and the solvent removed under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified using reverse phase HPLC to give the desired product, 1-phenyl-3-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinolin-7-yl)urea as an off-white solid (0.030 g, 45%). M.p.>216° C.; 400 MHz ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ: 13.38 (s, 1H), 8.34 (s, 1H), 8.01 (s, 1H), 7.94 (s, 1H), 7.36 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.21 (dd, J₁=J₂=8.0 Hz, 2H), 6.88 (dd, J₁=J₂=8.0 Hz, 2H), 6.31 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 4.04 (m, 1H), 3.19 (m, 1H), 3.05 (m, 2H), 2.80 (m, 1H), 2.10 (m, 1H), 1.88 (m, 1H); LCMS [M+H]: 308.

Example 433 Synthesis of 2-(8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridin-7(6H)-yl)-2-phenylacetic acid

Step 1: Synthesis of ethyl 2-(3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridin-7(6H)-yl)-2-phenylacetate. To a solution of 3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine (0.506 g, 1.72 mmol) in dichloromethane (10 mL) and Et₃N (0.72 mL, 5.16 mmol) was added ethyl 2-bromo-2-phenylacetate (0.41 mL, 1.89 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 hours followed by addition of aqueous NaHCO₃ (30 mL). The reaction was extracted with EtOAc (60 mL) and the organic layer was then washed with brine (30 mL), dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified using flash column chromatography (SiO₂, 50% EtOAc in hexanes) to give the desired product, ethyl 2-(3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridin-7(6H)-yl)-2-phenylacetate as a yellow solid (0.134 g, 86%). 400 MHz ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 8.25 (s, 1H), 8.10 (s, 1H), 7.5-7.34 (m, 5H), 7.19-7.4 (m, 2H), 6.86-6.8 (m, 2H), 5.76 (s, 1H), 5.56 (s, 2H), 4.46 (s, 1H), 4.13 (q, J=7.2 hz, 2H), 3.76 (s, 2H), 3.69 (s, 3H), 3.05 (t, J=6 hz, 2H), 2.88-2.72 (m, 2H), 1.64 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H); LCMS [M+H]:457.5.

Step 2: Synthesis of 2-(3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridin-7(6H)-yl)-2-phenylacetic acid. To a solution of ethyl 2-(3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridin-7(6H)-yl)-2-phenylacetate (0.116 g, 0.25 mmol) in methanol (3 mL) was added 1.5 M NaOH (1.67 mL, 2.5 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 hours. The reaction was then acidified to pH 2-3 using 1N HCl. The mixture was then extracted with dichloromethane (3×20 mL). The organic extracts were combined, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford the pure desired product 2-(3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridin-7(6H)-yl)-2-phenylacetic acid as an off-white solid; (0.095 g, 87%). M.p. 130-145° C.; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.34 (s, 1H), 8.17 (s, 1H), 7.53 (m, 5H), 7.18 (m, 2H), 6.84 (m, 2H), 5.57 (s, 2H), 4.85 (m, 1H), 4.05 (m, 2H), 3.68 (s, 3H), 3.21 (m, 4H); LCMS [M+H]: 429.

Step 3 Synthesis of 2-(8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridin-7(6H)-yl)-2-phenylacetic acid

The compound, 2-(8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridin-7(6H)-yl)-2-phenylacetic acid was prepared using 2-(3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridin-7(6H)-yl)-2-phenylacetic acid and conditions as described in general procedure F. The crude product was purified using reverse phase HPLC and pure product was obtained as a white solid (0.1 g, 35%). M.p. 237-240° C.; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 13.50 (s, 1H), 8.19 (s, 1H), 8.08 (s, 1H), 7.49-7.36 (m, 5H), 4.29 (s, 1H), 3.78 (m, 2H), 3.05 (m, 2H), 2.80 (m, 2H); LCMS [M+H]: 309.

General Procedure S: Compounds of the present invention can be conveniently prepared by the general procedure illustrated below:

Example 434 Synthesis of (4-(3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridin-7(6H)-yl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-3-yl)(phenyl)methanone

A mixture of 3-(4-methoxy-benzyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4c][2,7]-naphthyridine (0.089 g, 0.30 mmol) and (4-chloro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-3-yl)-phenyl-methanone (0.078 g, 0.30 mmol) in THF (4 mL) was added Hunig's Base (0.26 mL, 1.5 mmol). The reaction mixture was heated at 65° C. for 16 hours. The reaction was quenched by adding water (20 mL). The reaction mixture was then extracted with EtOAc (20 mL) and the organic layer was washed with brine (20 mL), dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified using (SiO₂, 80% EtOAc in hexanes) to give the pure desired product, (4-(3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridin-7(6H)-yl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-3-yl)(phenyl)methanone as a pale yellow solid (0.098 g, 63%). M.p.=>145° C.; 400 MHz ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ: 12.64 (br s, 1H), 8.41 (s, 1H), 8.32 (s, 1H), 8.14 (s, 1H), 7.98-7.92 (m, 2H), 7.74 (s, 1H), 7.68-7.61 (m, 1H), 7.58-7.5 (m, 2H), 7.18-7.14 (m, 2H), 6.86-6.8 (m, 2H), 5.57 (s, 2H), 4.81 (s, 2H), 3.76 (t, J=6.4 Hz, 2H), 3.68 (s, 3H), 3.12 (t, J=5.6 Hz, 2H); LCMS [M+H]: 516.

Example 435 Synthesis of (4-(8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridin-7(6H)-yl)-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-5-yl)(phenyl)methanone

The compound, (4-(8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridin-7(6H)-yl)-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-5-yl)(phenyl)methanone was prepared using (4-(3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridin-7(6H)-yl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-3-yl)(phenyl)methanone as described in general procedure S. The compound was obtained as TFA salt and an off-white solid. M.p.=300-302° C.; 400 MHz ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ: 13.55 (br s, 1H), 12.65 (s, 1H), 8.41 (s, 1H), 8.26 (s, 1H), 8.12 (s, 1H), 7.98-7.92 (m, 2H), 7.74 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.7-7.64 (m, 1H), 7.6-7.52 (m, 2H), 4.8 (s, 2H), 3.77 (t, J=6.4 Hz, 2H), 3.13 (t, J=6 Hz, 2H); LCMS [M+H]: 396.

Example 436 Synthesis of (4-(1-bromo-8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridin-7(6H)-yl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-3-yl)(phenyl)methanone

The compound, (4-(1-bromo-8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridin-7(6H)-yl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-3-yl)(phenyl)methanone was synthesized using 1-bromo-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine as described in general procedure S and was obtained as a yellow solid (0.047 g, 28%). M.p.=300-302° C.; 400 MHz ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ: 13.92 (br s, 1H), 12.65 (s, 1H), 8.42 (s, 1H), 8.32 (s, 1H), 7.96-7.91 (m, 2H), 7.78-7.75 (m, 1H), 7.68-7.62 (m, 1H), 7.58-7.51 (m, 2H), 4.77 (s, 2H), 3.8-3.72 (m, 2H), 3.34-3.26 (m, 2H); LCMS [M+H]: 474.

General Procedure T: Compounds of the present invention can be conveniently prepared by the general procedure illustrated below.

Step 1: To a 0.25M solution of 3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine (0.2 mL, 0.05 mmol) in DMSO was added 0.25M solution of Het Cl (0.8 mL, 0.2 mmol) in DMSO followed by Hunig's base (50 μL). The reaction mixture was shaken at 80° C. for 36 hours. On completion of the reaction, solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the residue was partitioned in EtOAc (3 mL) and water (3 mL). The organic layer was separated and the aqueous layer extracted with EtOAc (3 mL). The organic extracts were combined, washed with brine and concentrated under reduced pressure to give the desired crude product as a brown solid. The crude product was used in the next step without any further purification.

Step 2: To (4-(3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridin-7(6H)-yl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-3-yl)(phenyl)methanone obtained above was added trifluoroacetic acid (1 mL). The reaction mixture was heated at 65° C. for 16 hours. On completion of the reaction, toluene (2 mL) was added and the solvent removed under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified using reverse phase HPLC to give the desired product as a TFA salt.

Examples 437-452

Compounds in Table 8 are synthesized by using general procedure T as described herein.

TABLE 8 LC/MS Structure IUPAC Name [M + 1]

2-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4- c]isoquinolin-7-ylamino)-1,7-dihydro-6H-purin-6- one 323

N~2~-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4- c]isoquinolin-7-yl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine 298

N~6~-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4- c]isoquinolin-7-yl)-9H-purine-2,6-diamine 322

N-(3-bromo-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-yl)- 6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinolin-7- amine 385

N-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-yl-6,7,8,9- tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinolin-7-amine 306

6-methyl-N~-4~-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H- pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinolin-7-yl)pyrimidine-2,4- diamine 296

N~-4~-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4- c]isoquinolin-7-yl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine- 4,6-diamine 322

N-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-yl-6,7,8,9- tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinolin-7-amine 307

N-9H-purin-6-yl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H- pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinolin-7-amine 307

6-(3,6,8,9-tetrahydro-7H-pyrazolo[3,4- c][2,7]naphthyridin-7-yl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine 284

6-(3,6,8,9-tetrahydro-7H-pyrazolo[3,4- c][2,7]naphthyridin-7-yl)-9H-purin-2-amine 308

6-(3,6,8,9-tetrahydro-7H-pyrazolo[3,4- c][2,7]naphthyridin-7-yl)pyrimidin-4-amine 268

7-(7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-yl)-6,7,8,9- tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine 292

4-methyl-6-(3,6,8,9-tetrahydro-7H-pyrazolo[3,4- c][2,7]naphthyridin-7-yl)pyrimidin-2-amine 282

4-(3,6,8,9-tetrahydro-7H-pyrazolo[3,4- c][2,7]naphthyridin-7-yl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4- d]pyrimidin-6-amine 308

7-(1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-yl)-6,7,8,9- tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine 293

Example 453 Synthesis of 1-bromo-N-phenyl-8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-(6H)-carboxamide

To a solution of 1-bromo-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridin-7-ium chloride (0.16 g, 0.55 mmol) in dichloromethane (5 mL), Hunig's Base (0.59 mL, 3.3 mmol) was added and stirred under inert atmosphere. After 10 minutes, phenyl isocyanate (0.06 mL, 0.57 mmol) was added and the reaction was allowed to stir at room temperature for 2 hours. The mixture was diluted with dichloromethane (10 mL) and washed with water (2×5 mL), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and dried in vacuo. The resulting pale brown solid was purified by flash column chromatography (SiO₂, 50% ethyl acetate in hexanes) to give the desired product as light pink solid (0.6 g, 30%). M.p.=249-250° C., 400 MHz ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ: 10.64 (s, 1H), 9.66 (s, 1H), 8.82 (s, 1H), 8.25 (s, 1H), 7.90 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.68 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.2 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.07 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 6.95 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 1H), 4.25 (t, J=5.2 Hz, 2H), 3.24 (s, 2H), 2.96 (t, J=6 Hz, 2H), 2.2-2.14 (m, 2H); LCMS [M+H]: 350.

Example 454 Synthesis of tert-butyl 4-(7-(phenylcarbamoyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridin-1-yl)-5,6-dihydropyridine-1(2H)-carboxylate

To a solution of 1-bromo-N-phenyl-8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-(6H)-carboxamide (0.5 g, 0.134 mmol), sodium carbonate (0.084 g, 0.80 mL), tent-butyl 4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-diozaborolan-2-yl)-5,6-dihydropyridine-1(2H)-carboxylate (0.083 g, 0.26 mmol) in a mixture of toluene:ethanol:water (4 mL, 2 mL, 0.5 mL), dichloro-((bis diphenylphosphino)ferrocenyl)palladium (II) (0.5 eq) was added and stirred under inert atmosphere at 100° C. for 16 hours. The reaction was diluted with ethyl acetate (20 mL) and filtered through celite and the filtrate was washed with water (5 mL) and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and dried in vacuo. The resulting pale brown solid was purified by flash column chromatography (SiO₂, 50% ethyl acetate in hexanes) to give the desired product as light pink solid (0.060 g, 30%). LCMS[M+H]: 475.

Example 455 Synthesis of 4-(7-(phenylcarbamoyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridin-1-yl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridinium chloride

To a solution of tert-butyl 4-(7-(phenylcarbamoyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridin-1-yl)-5,6-dihydropyridine-1(2H)-carboxylate (0.06 g, 0.12 mmol) was dissolved in dichloromethane (5 mL) and 4M HCl in 1,4-dioxane (0.5 mL) was added and stirred till complete as observed by LCMS. The reaction mixture was then evaporated in vacuo. (0.04 g, 80%). M.p.=230-231° C.; 400 MHz ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ: 9.35 (br s, 2H), 8.78 (s, 1H), 8.36 (s, 1H), 7.52-7.49 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 2H), 7.24-7.22 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 6.96-6.92 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 6.05 (s, 1H), 4.82 (s, 2H), 3.78-3.74 (m, 5H), 3.36-3.35 (br s, 2H), 3.18 (t, J=6 Hz, 2H), 2.77 (br s, 2H); LCMS [M+H]: 375.

General Procedure U: Compounds of the present invention can be conveniently prepared by the general procedure illustrated below:

Example 456 Synthesis of 1-(3-acetamidophenyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridin-7-ium 2,2,2-trifluoroacetate

Step 1: Synthesis of tert-butyl 1-(3-acetamidophenyl)-8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7(6H)-carboxylate. To a solution of tert-butyl 1-bromo-8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7(6H)-carboxylate (0.160 g, 0.454 mmol) in toluene (4 mL) and EtOH (2 mL) was added 3-N-acetyl-1-bronic acid (0.161 g, 0.91 mmol) followed by aqueous solution of Na₂CO₃ (0.26 g, 2.72 mmol) in water (3 mL) and 1,1-Bis(Di-t-butylphosphino)Ferrocene Palladium dichloride (DtBPFPdCl₂, CAS #95408-45-0, 0.015 g). The reaction was then purged with nitrogen and heated at 90° C. for 16 hours. On completion of the reaction, EtOAc (30 mL) and water (20 mL) was added to the reaction mixture. The organic layer was separated, washed with brine (2×20 mL) and concentrated under reduced pressure to give the crude product. The crude product was purified by flash column chromatography (SiO₂, 100% EtOAc) to give the desired product, tert-butyl 1-(3-acetamidophenyl)-8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7(6H)-carboxylate (0.108 g, 58%) as a white solid. 400 MHz ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ: 13.72 (s, 1H), 10.07 (s, 1H), 8.36 (s, 1H), 7.96-7.32 (m, 3H), 4.65 (s, 2H), 3.49 (m, 2H), 2.89 (m, 2H), 2.07 (s, 3H), 1.45 (s, 9H); LCMS [M+H]: 408.

Step 2: Synthesis of 1-(3-acetamidophenyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridin-7-ium 2,2,2-trifluoroacetate. To a solution of tert-butyl 1-(3-acetamidophenyl)-8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7(6H)-carboxylate (0.108 g, 0.26 mmol) in dichloromethane (5 mL) was added trifluoroacetic acid (0.5 mL). The reaction was shaken overnight at room temperature. On completion, toluene (1 mL) was added and the solvent removed under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified using reverse phase HPLC (C-18 using TFA as a modifier) to give the desired product, 1-(3-acetamidophenyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridin-7-ium 2,2,2-trifluoroacetate (0.042 g, 37%) as an off-white solid; M.p.=245° C. decomposition; 400 MHz ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ: 13.89 (br s, 1H), 10.13 (s, 1H), 9.16 (s, 1H), 8.43 (s, 1H), 8.01 (s, 1H), 7.56-7.5 (m, 1H), 7.48-7.4 (m, 1H), 7.28-7.22 (m, 1H), 4.43 (s, 2H), 3.4-3.3 (m, 2H), 3.1-3.0 (m, 2H), 2.08 (s, 3H); LCMS [M+H]: 308.

Example 457 Synthesis of tert-butyl 1-(3-carbamoylphenyl)-8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7(6H)-carboxylate

The compound, tert-butyl 1-(3-carbamoylphenyl)-8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7(6H)-carboxylate was prepared using tert-butyl 1-bromo-8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7(6H)-carboxylate and 4-carbamoylphenylboronic acid as described in step-1 of general procedure U. The compound was obtained as a white solid (0.070 g, 39%); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ13.98 (s, 1H), 8.40 (s, 1H), 8.13 (s, 1H), 8.08 (s, 1H), 7.98 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.80 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.58 (m, 1H), 7.45 (s, 1H), 4.65 (s, 2H), 3.49 (m, 2H), 2.82 (m, 2H), 1.43 (s, 9H); LC-Mass [M+H]: 394.

Example 458 Synthesis of 1-(3-carbamoylphenyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridin-7-ium 2,2,2-trifluoroacetate

The compound, 1-(3-carbamoylphenyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridin-7-ium 2,2,2-trifluoroacetate was prepared using tert-butyl 1-(3-carbamoylphenyl)-8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7(6H)-carboxylate as described in Step-2 of general procedure U, the product was obtained as a pale tan solid (0.011 g, 18%); M.p.=240° C. (decomposed); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ13.98 (s, 1H), 9.12 (s, 2H), 8.44 (s, 1H), 8.09 (m, 2H), 8.01 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.75 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.61 (m, 1H), 7.49 (s, 1H), 4.43 (s, 2H), 3.38 (m, 2H), 2.98 (m, 2H); LCMS [M+H]: 294.

Example 459 Synthesis of tert-butyl 1-(3-((tert-butoxycarbonylamino)methyl)phenyl)-8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7(6H)-carboxylate

The compound, tert-butyl 1-(3-carbamoylphenyl)-8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7(6H)-carboxylate was prepared using tert-butyl 1-bromo-8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7(6H)-carboxylate (0.113 g, 0.32 mmol) and 3-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino-methyl)boronic acid (0.161 g, 0.64 mmol) as described in step-1 of general procedure U. The compound was obtained as a white solid (0.085 g, 55%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ13.72 (s, 1H), 8.38 (s, 1H), 7.51-7.30 (m, 5H), 4.64 (s, 2H), 4.22 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 3.48 (m, 2H), 2.84 (m, 2H), 1.43 (s, 9H), 1.38 (s, 9H); LC-Mass: m/e 480.73 (M+H).

Example 460 Synthesis of (3-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridin-1-yl)phenyl)methanamine

To a solution of 1-[3-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino-methyl)-phenyl]-3,6,8,9-tetrahydro-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (0.07 g, 0.14 mmol) in dichloromethane (5 mL) was added trifluoroacetic acid (1 mL). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and purified by reverse phase HPLC to give the desired product, 3-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridin-1-yl)-benzylamine as a bis TFA salt and as a white solid (0.046 g, 62%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ13.98 (s, 1H), 9.27 (brs, 2H), 8.45 (s, 1H), 8.30 (brs, 2H), 7.70 (s, 1H), 7.58 (m, 3H), 4.44 (s, 2H), 4.14 (m, 2H), 3.31 (m, 2H), 3.01 (m, 2H); LC-Mass: m/e 480.73 (M+H).

General Procedure V: Compounds of the present invention can be conveniently prepared by the general procedure illustrated below:

Example 461 Synthesis of N-phenyl-1-o-tolyl-8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7(6H)-carboxamide

Step 1: Synthesis of tert-butyl 1-o-tolyl-8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7(6H)-carboxylate. To 77 mM solution of tert-butyl 1-bromo-8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7(6H)-carboxylate (1.3 mL) in toluene and absolute ethanol (2:1) was added o-tolylboronic acid (0.0136 g, 0.1 mmol) followed by 1M solution of cesium carbonate (0.6 mL) and 1,1-bis(Di-tBuppf)PdCl₂ (0.005 g). The reaction mixture was shaken at 110° C. for 24 hours. On completion of the reaction, the reaction mixture was extracted with EtOAc (2×2 mL). The organic layers were combined and concentrated under reduced pressure to give the desired crude product, tert-butyl 1-o-tolyl-8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7(6H)-carboxylate as an brown solid, which was used in the next step without any further purification.

Step 2: Synthesis of 1-o-tolyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine (HCl salt). To the crude tert-butyl 1-o-tolyl-8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7(6H)-carboxylate obtained from step 1 was added anhydrous methanol (2 mL) followed by a 4N solution of HCl gas in 1,4-dioxane (0.175 mL). The reaction mixture was shaken at 55° C. for 2 hours. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure to give the crude desired product, 1-o-tolyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine hydrochloride salt, which was used in the next step without any further purification.

Step 3: Synthesis of N-phenyl-1-o-tolyl-8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7(6H)-carboxamide. To the crude 1-o-tolyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine hydrochloride salt obtained from step 2 was added anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (1.5 mL) and triethylamine (50 μL) followed by 400 mM solution of phenyl isocyanate (0.25 mL) in tetrahydrofuran. The reaction mixture was shaken at room temperature for 6 hours. The solvent was then removed under reduced pressure and the crude product was purified using reverse phase HPLC to give the pure desired product, N-phenyl-1-o-tolyl-8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7(6H)-carboxamide. LCMS [M+H]: 384.

Examples 462-471

Compounds in Table 9 are synthesized by using general procedure V as described herein.

TABLE 9 LC/MS Structure IUPAC Name [M + 1]

1-(2-methylphenyl)-N-phenyl-3,6,8,9-tetrahydro-7H- pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-carboxamide 384

1-[3-(dimethylamino)phenyl]-N-phenyl-3,6,8,9-tetrahydro- 7H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-carboxamide 413

1-(2-methoxyphenyl)-N-phenyl-3,6,8,9-tetrahydro-7H- pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-carboxamide 400

1-(3-methoxyphenyl)-N-phenyl-3,6,8,9-tetrahydro-7H- pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-carboxamide 400

N-phenyl-1-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3,6,8,9-tetrahydro- 7H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-carboxamide 438

1-[4-(ethylsulfonyl)phenyl]-N-phenyl-3,6,8,9-tetrahydro- 7H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-carboxamide 462

1-(4-cyanophenyl)-N-phenyl-3,6,8,9-tetrahydro-7H- pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-carboxamide 395

1-(5-methylfuran-2-yl)-N-phenyl-3,6,8,9-tetrahydro-7H- pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-carboxamide 374

1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-N-phenyl-3,6,8,9-tetrahydro-7H- pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-carboxamide 438

1-(1H-indol-6-yl)-N-phenyl-3,6,8,9-tetrahydro-7H- pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-carboxamide 409

Example 472 Synthesis of 3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinoline-7-carboxylic acid

Step 1 and 2: Synthesis of Ethyl 3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinoline-7-carboxylate. Ethyl 4-oxocyclohexanecarboxylate (1.0 g, 5.9 mmol) in 1,1-dimethoxy-N,N-dimethylmethanamine (15 mL) was heated at 100° C. for 3 hours, then for 24 hours at 120° C. before being cooled and evaporated to dryness under reduced pressure. The residue and 1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-amine (0.5 g) in acetic acid (10 mL) were heated at 100° C. for 24 hours. The acetic acid was evaporated and the residue taken up in ethyl acetate (100 mL), washed with water (200 mL) and saturated sodium hydrogen carbonate (100 mL). The organic layer was dried with anhydrous magnesium sulfate evaporated to dryness under reduced pressure and the crude product purified by flash column chromatography (SiO₂, gradient from 30% EtOAc in hexane to 50% EtOAc in hexanes) to yield ethyl 3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinoline-7-carboxylate as a pale yellow solid (0.159 g, 7%). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) 400 MHz δ 7.89 (s, 1H), 7.74 (s, 1H), 7.30-7.26 (m, 2H), 6.84-6.80 (m, 2H), 5.59 (s, 2H), 4.20 (q, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 3.75 (s, 3H), 3.23-3.04 (m, 4H), 2.85-2.78 (m, 1H), 2.4-2.3 (m, 1H), 2.1-2.0 (m, 1H); LCMS [M+H]: 366.

Step 3: Synthesis of 3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinoline-7-carboxylic acid. To a solution of ethyl 3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinoline-7-carboxylate (159 mg, 0.44 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (5 mL), methanol (2 mL) and water (3 mL) was added excess lithium hydroxide (0.5 g). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1.5 hours diluted with water (50 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (3×50 mL). The organic layer was dried with anhydrous magnesium sulfate and evaporated to dryness to give 3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinoline-7-carboxylic acid as an off white solid (157 mg). ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) 400 MHz δ 12.33 (brs, 1H), 8.02 (s, 1H), 7.95 (s, 1H), 7.16 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 6.84 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 5.52 (s, 2H), 3.69 (s, 3H), 3.14-2.97 (m, 4H), 2.82-2.74 (m, 1H), 2.22-2.14 (m, 1H), 1.97-1.87 (m, 1H); LCMS [M+H]: 338.

Example 473 Synthesis of N-phenyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinoline-7-carboxamide

Step 1: Synthesis of 3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-N-phenyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinoline-7-carboxamide. To a solution of 3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinoline-7-carboxylic acid (0.072 g, 0.21 mmol), diisopropylethylamine (0.1 mL), aniline (23 μl, 0.21 mmol) in dimethylformamide (5 mL) was added HBTU (0.121 g). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 24 hours, poured into ethyl acetate (100 mL) and washed with water (200 mL). The organic layer was dried with anhydrous magnesium sulfate and evaporated to dryness to give crude 3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-N-phenyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinoline-7-carboxamide as a brown oil, which was used in the next step without any further purification. LCMS [M+H]: 413.

Step 2: Synthesis of N-phenyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinoline-7-carboxamide. A solution of 3-(4-Methoxybenzyl)-N-phenyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinoline-7-carboxamide in trifluoroacetic acid (5 mL) was heated at 65° C. for 8 hours. The mixture was evaporated to dryness and partitioned between ethyl acetate (100 mL) and saturated sodium hydrogen carbonate (100 mL). The organic layer was dried with anhydrous magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure the residue obtained was triturated with dichloromethane (2 mL) to give N-phenyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinoline-7-carboxamide as a white powder (10 mg). M.p.=>300° C. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) 400 MHz δ 13.30 (s, 1H), 10.05 (s, 1H), 8.0 (s, 1H), 7.95 (s, 1H), 7.63 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.31 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.04 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 3.09-3.00 (m, 4H), 2.96-2.81 (m, 1H), 2.19-2.17 (m, 1H), 2.03-1.93 (m, 1H). LCMS [M+H]: 293.

Example 474 Synthesis of 3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7(6H)-carboximidamide

To a solution of 3-(4-methoxy-benzyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine (0.193 g, 0.65 mmol) in dichloromethane (10 mL) and Hunig's Base (0.34 mL, 1.95 mmol) was added 1H-pyrazole-1-carboximidamide hydrochloride (0.100 g, 0.69 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours. A white precipitates was formed, which was filtered, washed with dichloromethane and hexane to give the desired product, 3-(4-methoxy-benzyl)-3,6,8,9-tetrahydro-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine-7-carboxamidine as a white solid (0.088 g, 40%). M.p.=255-256° C.; 400 MHz ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ: 8.35 (s, 1H), 8.26 (s, 1H), 7.63 (s, 4H), 7.22-7.16 (m, 2H), 6.88-6.82 (m, 2H), 5.60 (s, 2H), 4.75 (s, 2H), 3.76 (t, J=6.4 Hz, 2H), 3.69 (s, 3H), 3.21 (t, J=6 Hz, 2H); LCMS [M+H]: 337.

Example 475 Synthesis of N-tert-butyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinolin-7-amine

A solution of tert-butyl 3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinolin-7-ylcarbamate (0.200 g, 0.49 mmol) in trifluoroacetic acid (2 mL) was heated at 65° C. for 16 hours. LC-Mass analysis of the reaction indicated the formation of both N-tert-butyl-3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinolin-7-amine (LCMS [M+H]: 245, 45%, UV) and 3-(4-methoxy-benzyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinolin-7-ylamine (LCMS [M+H]: 189, 42%, UV). The reaction mixture was concentrated and then partitioned between dichloromethane (50 mL) and aqueous NaHCO₃ (50 mL). The organic layer was separated, washed with brine (30 mL), dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified using flash column chromatography (SiO₂, 90% dichloromethane/10% methanol/3% ammonia) to give the pure desired product, N-tert-butyl-[3-(4-methoxy-benzyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinolin-7-yl]-amine as a pale yellow solid (0.015 g, 12%). M.p.=>58° C.; 400 MHz ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ: 8.31 (s, 1H), 7.76 (s, 1H), 3.4-3.2 (br s, 1H), 3.15-2.94 (m, 3H), 2.93-2.82 (m, 1H), 2.6-2.52 (m, 1H), 2.05-1.8 (m, 2H), 1.65 (s, 9H); LCMS [M+H]: 245.

Example 476 Synthesis of 1-(8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridin-7(6H)-yl)-2-phenylethanone

Step 1: Synthesis of 1-(3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridin-7(6H)-yl)-2-phenylethanone. To a mixture of 3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridine (0.164 g, 0.56 mmol) and 2-phenylacetyl chloride (0.96 mL, 0.724 mmol) was added 1,2-dichloroethane (2 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 hours. The crude reaction mixture was washed with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (20 mL) and brine (20 mL). The organic extract was dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated under reduced pressure to give the desired product, 1-(3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridin-7(6H)-yl)-2-phenylethanone as a brown oil (0.230 g, 100%). LCMS [M+H]: 413.

Step 2: Synthesis of 1-(8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridin-7(6H)-yl)-2-phenylethanone. To 1-(3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridin-7(6H)-yl)-2-phenylethanone (0.203 g, 0.49 mmol) was added trifluoroacetic acid (2 mL). The reaction was heated at 70° C. for 18 hours. To the crude reaction mixture was added toluene (5 mL) and the resulting mixture was evaporated under reduced pressure to give a crude product. The residue was diluted in dichloromethane (4 mL/mmol) and washed with saturated aqueous sodium carbonate. The combined aqueous layers were washed with dichloromethane. The combined organics extract was dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated under reduced pressure to give a brown oil. The oily residue was triturated with a mixture of dichloromethane and methanol to yield the desired product, 1-(8,9-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7]naphthyridin-7(6H)-yl)-2-phenylethanone as an off-white solid (0.041 g, 18%). M.p.=164-166° C.; ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆), 400 MHz) δ 13.57 (s, 1H), 8.36 (s, 1H), 8.12 (s, 1H), 7.27 (m, 5H), 4.87 (s, 1H), 4.77 (s, 1H), 3.82-3.86 (m, 4H), 3.01 (m, 2H); LCMS [M+H]: 293.

Example 477

Purification of the previous examples by reverse phase chromatography was carried out on a preparative LC/UV/MS system using a mass triggered fractionation. Examples were eluted from the HPLC column (Maccel 120-10-C18 SH 10 μm 20 mmID×50 mm) at 88 mL/min with acetonitrile/water gradient using 0.1% Trifluoroacetic acid as a modifier.

Example 478

The enzymatic assays described herein are conducted according to the following procedures from commercially available reagents. In one, non limiting, example, a fluorescent ELISA assay is used to identify and characterize inhibitors of FGFR2 kinase as described herein. This heterogeneous assay utilizes a biotinylated peptide with a tyrosine motif as a substrate and an anti-phospho-tyrosine antibody to measure phosphorylation of the substrate. The reaction is initiated by adding the test compound, 37 μM Pyk2 substrate (Midwest Biotech, Cat. #MBT2383), 12.5 μM ATP (Roche, Cat. #11 140 965 001) and 0.5 μM FGFR2 enzyme (Millipore, Cat. #14-742) sequentially to a non-binding polypropylene V-well plate. All reagents are in an assay buffer consisting of: 50 mM Tris-HCL, 0.02 mg/ml BSA, 10 mM MgCl₂, 0.1 mM Na₃VO₄, 1 mM EGTA, 75 μM ATP, 0.01% NP-40, 2 mM DTT and 10% glycerol. The reaction is incubated for 60 minutes. As the reaction proceeds, FGFR2 phosphorylates tyrosines in the peptide. The reaction mixture is then moved to a blocked streptavidin-coated Nunc Maxisorb plate (coated with 100 ng streptavidin from Pierce (Cat. #15-124) per well), allowing for the capture of the biotinylated peptide. Peptides are captured for 30 minutes at room temperature, the phosphorylation of peptides continues during this phase. The reaction is stopped by washing the streptavidin-coated plate 6 times with TBST. Phosphorylated peptide is detected by adding anti-phospho-tyrosine antibody (Cell Signaling, Cat. #9411, diluted 1:3000) to the streptavidin-coated plate. Unbound anti-phospho-tyrosine antibody is removed by washing the streptavidin-coated plate 6 times with TBST. Secondary detection is performed using alkaline phosphatase tagged goat anti-mouse antibody (Pierce, Cat. #31320, diluted 1:4000) for one hour. Unbound secondary antibody is removed by washing the streptavidin-coated plate 6 times with TBST. The fluorescent readout is initiated by adding to the streptavidin-coated plate Promega Attophos substrate (Promega, Cat. #S1000, dilution=6 mg/10 ml), which, when dephosphorylated by alkaline phosphatase, emits a fluorescent signal of 595 nm in wavelength when excited by a signal of 400 nm in wavelength. The reading of the 595 nm signal is done on the Perkin Elmer Envision system. Compounds which prevent FGFR2 from phosphorylating the peptide result in a lower fluorescent signal. The 595 nm fluorescent signal is directly proportional to the activity of FGFR2. Thus, the inhibition of FGFR2 by compounds is monitored by the decrease in the 595 nm fluorescent signal. Compounds of the present invention inhibit the growth of a variety of cancer cells. The data for certain compounds of the invention are shown in Table 10.

TABLE 10 FGFR2(N549H), IUPAC NAME IC50 (μM) 7-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydro-3H- 20.8 benzo[f]pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinoline 7-phenyl-6,7-dihydro-3H- 0.224 benzo[f]pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinoline 7-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydro-3H- 2.51 benzo[f]pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinoline 7-(4-fluorophenyl)-6,7-dihydro-3H- 4.07 benzo[f]pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinoline 8,10-dimethyl-6,7-dihydro-3H- 6.81 benzo[f]pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinoline

Example 479

MDA-MB-231, DLD-1, Kato III NCI-H1299, PACA-2 cells, were maintained at 37° C., 5% CO₂ in DMEM media supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, penicillin/streptomycin and fungizone (Invitrogen). Cells were seeded into 96-well tissue culture plates at 3000 per well and cultured at 37° C. for 18 hours. Test compounds were dissolved and diluted to 300× in DMSO then further diluted 1:40 in DMEM before addition to cells (1:7.5 dilution). Cells were incubated with test compounds for 72 hours followed by incubation with tetrazolium compound (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium, inner salt; MTS) and the electron coupling reagent, phenazine methosulfate (PMS) for 4 hours. MTS was chemically reduced by dehydrogenase in cells into formazan. The ability of compounds to inhibit cell growth in this assay is correlated with the reduction of dehydrogenase enzyme activity found in metabolically active cells. The measurement of the absorbance of the formazan was assessed using an ENVISION™ (Perkin Elmer) microplate reader at 492 nm. Table 11 shows the results of an MTS assay (% inhibition) with the recited compound at 10 μM. A=75-100% inhibition; B=50-74% inhibition; C=25-49% inhibition, D=<24% inhibition.

TABLE 11 IUPAC MDA- NCI- Structure name MB-231 DLD-1 KATO III H1299 PACA-2

7-phenyl-6,7-dihydro-3H- benzo[f]pyrazolo[3,4-c] isoquinoline D C C N/A D

N-tert-butyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro- 3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c] isoquinolin-7-amine A A A A A

7-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-6,7- dihydro-3H-benzo[f] pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinoline N/A B B C D

7-(4-fluorophenyl)-6,7- dihydro-3H-benzo[f] pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinoline A A B C A

N-benzyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro- 3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinolin- 7-amine D D N/A N/A D

1-phenyl-3-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro- 3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinolin- 7-yl)urea N/A D N/A N/A D

8,10-dimethyl-6,7- dihydro-3H- benzo[f]pyrazolo[3,4- c]isoquinoline C A C N/A D

10-methoxy-6,7-dihydro-3H- benzo[f]pyrazolo[3,4- c]isoquinoline N/A D C N/A D

N-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H- pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinolin-7- yl)benzenesulfonamide A A A C A

1-(1,2-benzisoxazol-3-yl)- N-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H- pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinolin-7- yl)methanesulfonamide C B A C A

2,5-dimethyl-N-(6,7,8,9- tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4- c]isoquinolin-7- yl)benzenesulfonamide A A A A A

7-(methylsulfonyl)-6,7,8,9- tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4- c][2,7]naphthyridine A A A A A

7-(2-thienylsulfonyl)-6,7,8,9- tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4- c][2,7]naphthyridine A A A A A

1-(2-phenylethyl)-3-(6,7,8,9- tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4- c]isoquinolin-7-yl)urea A A A A A

ethyl N-(3,6,8,9-tetrahydro- 7H-pyrazolo[3,4- c][2,7]naphthyridin-7- ylcarbonyl)glycinate A A A A A

N-[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]- 3,6,8,9-tetrahydro-7H- pyrazolo[3,4-c][2,7] naphthyridine-7-carboxamide A A A A A

N-(cyclohexylmethyl)-3,6,8,9- tetrahydro-7H-pyrazolo[3,4- c][2,7]naphthyridine-7- carboxamide A A A A A

6-methyl-N~4~-(6,7,8,9- tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4- c]isoquinolin-7-yl) pyrimidine-2,4-diamine A A A C A

6-(3,6,8,9-tetrahydro-7H- pyrazolo[3,4- c][2,7]naphthyridin-7-yl)- 1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine A A A A A

6-(3,6,8,9-tetrahydro-7H- pyrazolo[3,4- c][2,7]naphthyridin-7-yl)- 9H-purin-2-amine A A A A A

7-{[4-(4-methoxybenzyl) piperazin-1-yl]carbonyl}- 6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H- pyrazolo[3,4- c][2,7]naphthyridine A A A D A

6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H- pyrazolo[3,4- c][2,7]naphthyridine A A C C A

(1S)-2-oxo-1-phenyl-2-(3,6,8,9- tetrahydro-7H-pyrazolo[3,4- c][2,7]naphthyridin- 7-yl)ethanamine B D N/A N/A B

1-bromo-7-[phenyl (piperperazin-1-yl)acetyl]- 6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H- pyrazolo[3,4- c][2,7]naphthyridine A A A A A

tert-butyl 3,6,8,9-tetrahydro-7H- pyrazolo[3,4- c][2,7]naphthyridine-7- carboxylate A A A A A

1-bromo-N-[3-(2-methyl- 1,3-thiazol-4-yl)phenyl]-3,6,8,9- tetrahydro-7H-pyrazolo[3,4- c][2,7]naphthyridine-7- carboxamide D A A B C

1-bromo-N-[3-(5-methyl- 1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)phenyl]- 3,6,8,9-tetrahydro-7H- pyrazolo[3,4- c][2,7]naphthyridine-7- carboxamide N/A N/A D N/A D

[4-(1-bromo-3,6,8,9- tetrahydro-7H-pyrazolo[3,4- c][2,7]naphthyridin-7-yl)-7H- pyrazolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-5- yl](phenyl)methanone B B A A A

N,N-dimethyl-N′-[2-oxo-1- phenyl-2-(1-phenyl-3,6,8,9- tetrahydro-7H-pyrazolo[3,4- c][2,7]napthyridin-7- yl)ethyl]ethane-1,2-diamine A A A A A

N-phenyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro- 3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinoline- 7-carboxamide D B A N/A D

N-{3-[(2-morpholin-4- ylethyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}- 3,6,8,9-tetrahydro-7H- pyrazolo[3,4- c][2,7]napthyridine-7- carboxamide A A A A A

tert-butyl 1-(3-{[(tert- butoxycarbonyl)amino]methyl} phenyl)-3,6,8,9-tetrahydro- 7H-pyrazolo[3,4- c][2,7]naphthyridine- -7-carboxylate A A A B A

N-[3-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H- pyrazolo[3,4- c][2,7]naphthyridin-1- yl)phenyl]acetamide C B A N/A N/A

tert-butyl 1-bromo-3,6,8,9- tetrahydro-7H-pyrazolo[3,4- c][2,7]naphthyridine- -7-carboxylate A A A A A

N-phenyl-1-[3- (trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3,6,8,9- tetrahydro-7H-pyrazolo[3,4- c][2,7]naphthyridine- 7-carboxamide A A A A A

1-(5-methylfuran-2-yl)-N- phenyl-3,6,8,9-tetrahydro- 7H-pyrazolo[3,4- c][2,7]naphthyridine- 7-carboxamide A A A A A

7-(2-chlorophenyl)-1-(1- piperidin-4-yl-1H-pyrazol-4- yl)-6,7-dihydro-3H- benzo[f]pyrazolo[3,4- c]isoquinoline A A A A A

3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-3,6,7,8- tetrahydro-9H-pyrazolo[4,3- a][3,7]phenanthrolin-9-one A A A A A

3-(4- methoxybenzyl)-N-methyl- 6,7-dihydro-3H- pyrazolo[4′,3′:5,6]pyrido[4,3- f]quinazolin-9-amine A A A D A

N-(cycloheptylmethyl)- 6,7-dihydro-3H- pyrazolo[4′,3′:5,6]pyrido[4,3- f]quinazolin-9-amine A A A A A

N-[3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]- 6,7-dihydro-3H- pyrazolo[4′,3′:5,6]pyrido[4,3- f]quinazolin-9-amine A A A A A

9-[4-(2-chlorobenzyl)piperazin- 1-yl]-6,7-dihydro-3H- pyrazolo[4′3′:5,6]pyrido[4,3- f]quinazoline A A A A A

6,7-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4- c]thieno[3,2-f]isoquinoline A A A A A

1-bromo-N-(3-phenoxyphenyl)- 3,6,8,9-tetrahydro-7H- pyrazolo[3,4- c][2,7]naphthyridine- 7-carboxamide C A A B B

1-(1-naphthyl)-3-(6,7,8,9- tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4- c]isoquinolin-7-yl)urea B A A C C

1-(3-chloro-2-fluorophenyl)-3- (6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H- pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinolin-7- yl)urea A A A A A

N-(3-{[2-(3-chlorophenyl)ethyl] carbamoyl}phenyl)-3,6,8,9- tetrahydro-7H-pyrazolo[3,4- c][2,7]naphthyridine-7- carboxamide A A A C A

N-(3-{[(2S)-tetrahydrofuran-2- ylmethyl]carbamoyl}phenyl)- 3,6,8,9-tetrahydro-7H- pyrazolo[3,4- c][2,7]naphthyridine-7- carboxamide A A A N/A A

4-(3,6,8,9-tetrahydro-7H- pyrazolo[3,4- c][2,7]naphthyridin-7-yl)-1H- pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-6- amine B A A C A

7-[(3,4- dimethoxyphenyl)sulfonyl]- 6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H- pyrazolo[3,4- c][2,7]napthyridine A A A A A 

1. A compound having the formula I:

or a salt thereof, wherein: R_(c1) is H, halogen, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted phenyl, or unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-member ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S; R_(c2) is H, or unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl; R_(c3) and R_(c4) are each independently H, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, or R_(c3) and R_(c4), together with the atoms they attach to, form a 5-, 6- or 7-member ring which optionally comprises 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S and is optionally substituted; X₁-X₂ is CHR_(c6)—NR_(y); R_(c6) is H, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, or unsubstituted or substituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl; R_(y) is H, unsubstituted or substituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl, unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-member ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₈ carbocycle, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycle comprising one or two 5- or 6-member ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, —S(O)₂R₁, —C(O)R₁, —C(O)OR₁, —(CH₂)_(o)R₁, —C(═NH)NR₂R₂′, —C(O)NR₂R₂′, or —C(S)NR₂R₂′; o is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; R₁ is H, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, or -T_(y1)-Q_(y1); R₂ and R₂′ are each independently H, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, -T_(y3)-Q_(y3), or R₂ and R₂′, together with the atom they attach to, form a 5-, 6- or 7-member ring which comprises 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S and is optionally substituted; T_(y1) and T_(y3) are each independently a bond, or unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl linker; Q_(y1) is H, unsubstituted or substituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl, unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-member ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₈ carbocycle, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycle comprising one or two 5- or 6-member ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, —C(O)OR₂₁, —C(O)R₂₁, —C(O)NR₂₁R₂₁′, or —NR₂₁R₂₁′; Q_(y3) is H, unsubstituted or substituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl, unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-member ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₈ carbocycle, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycle comprising one or two 5- or 6-member ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, —C(O)OR₃₁, —C(O)R₃₁, —C(O)NR₃₁R₃₁′, or —NR₃₁R₃₁′; and R₂₁, R₂₁′, R₃₁ and R₃₁′ are each independently H, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl, or unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-member ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S.
 2. The compound of claim 1, having the formula:

or a salt thereof, wherein: R_(c1) is H, halogen, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted phenyl, or unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-member ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S; R_(c2) is H, or unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl; R_(c3) and R_(c4) are each independently H, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, or R_(c3) and R_(c4), together with the atoms they attach to, form a 5-, 6- or 7-member ring which optionally comprises 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S and is optionally substituted; R_(c6) is H, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, or unsubstituted or substituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl; R_(y) is H, unsubstituted or substituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl, unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-member ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₈ carbocycle, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycle comprising one or two 5- or 6-member ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, —S(O)₂R₁, —C(O)R₁, —C(O)OR₁, —(CH₂)_(o)R₁, —C(═N)NR₂R₂′, —C(O)NR₂R₂′, or —C(S)NR₂R₂′; o is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; R₁ is H, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, or -T_(y1)-Q_(y1); R₂ and R₂′ are each independently H, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, -T_(y3)-Q_(y3), or R₂ and R₂′, together with the atom they attach to, form a 5-, 6- or 7-member ring which comprises 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S and is optionally substituted; T_(y1) and T_(y3) are each independently a bond, or unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl linker; Q_(y1) is H, unsubstituted or substituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl, unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-member ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₈ carbocycle, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycle comprising one or two 5- or 6-member ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S; —C(O)OR₂₁, —C(O)R₂₁, —C(O)NR₂₁R₂₁′, or —NR₂₁R₂₁′; Q_(y3) is H, unsubstituted or substituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl, unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-member ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₈ carbocycle, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycle comprising one or two 5- or 6-member ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, —C(O)OR₃₁, —C(O)R₃₁, —C(O)NR₃₁R₃₁′, or —NR₃₁R₃₁′; and R₂₁, R₂₁′, R₃₁ and R₃₁′ are each independently H, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl, or unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-member ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S.
 3. The compound of claim 2, wherein R_(c1) is halogen selected from fluorine, chlorine, and bromine.
 4. The compound of claim 2, wherein R_(c1) is unsubstituted phenyl.
 5. The compound of claim 2, wherein R_(c1) is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy, and -T_(c1)-Q_(c1), wherein: T_(c1) is a bond, or unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl linker; Q_(c1) is H, —NR_(c11)R_(c11)′, —C(O)NR_(c11)R_(c11)′, —NHC(O)R_(c11), —NHC(O)OR_(c11), —NHC(O)NR_(c11)R_(c11)′, or —S(O)₂R_(c11); and R_(c11) and R_(c11)′ are each independently H, or unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl.
 6. The compound of claim 2, wherein R_(c1) is heteroaryl selected from pyrrolyl, furanyl, thienyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, benzoxazolyl, benzodioxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzoimidazolyl, benzothienyl, methylenedioxyphenyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, naphthrydinyl, indolyl, benzofuranyl, purinyl, deazapurinyl, indolizinyl, imidazothiazolyl, quinoxalinyl, tetrohydropyridinyl, and pyrrolopyrimidinyl.
 7. The compound of claim 2, wherein R_(c2) is C₁-C₆ alkyl substituted with phenyl wherein said phenyl is substituted with one or more groups selected from hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy.
 8. The compound of claim 2, wherein R_(y) is H, unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl, —S(O)₂R₁, —(CH₂)_(o)R₁, —C(O)R₁, —C(O)OR₁, or —C(O)NR₂R₂′.
 9. The compound of claim 8, wherein said heteroaryl is selected from pyrrolyl, furanyl, thienyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, triazinyl, benzoxazolyl, benzodioxazolyl, benzoxadiazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, benzoimidazolyl, benzothienyl, methylenedioxyphenyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, naphthrydinyl, indolyl, benzofuranyl, purinyl, deazapurinyl, indolizinyl, imidazothiazolyl, quinoxalinyl, and pyrrolopyrimidinyl.
 10. The compound of claim 8, wherein o is 0 and R₁ is H.
 11. The compound of claim 8, wherein R₁ is C₁-C₆ alkyl substituted with one or more groups selected from unsubstituted or substituted phenyl, and —NR₁₂R₁₃, wherein: R₁₂ and R₁₃ are each independently H, -T_(y2)-Q_(y2), or R₁₂ and R₁₃, together with the atom they attach to, form a 5- or 6-member ring; T_(y2) is a bond, or unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl linker; Q_(y2) is H, hydroxyl, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy, unsubstituted or substituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl, unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-member ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₈ carbocycle, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycle comprising one or two 5- or 6-member ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, —NR_(akhr)R_(akhr)′, —C(O)R_(akhr), or —C(O)OR_(akhr); and R_(akhr) and R_(akhr)′ are each independently H, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl, or unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-member ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S.
 12. The compound of claim 8, wherein R₁ is -T_(y1)-Q_(y1).
 13. The compound of claim 12, wherein T_(y1) is a bond; and Q_(y1) is heteroaryl selected from pyrrolyl, furanyl, thienyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, triazinyl, benzoxazolyl, benzodioxazolyl, benzoxadiazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, benzoimidazolyl, benzothienyl, methylenedioxyphenyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, naphthrydinyl, indolyl, benzofuranyl, purinyl, deazapurinyl, indolizinyl, imidazothiazolyl, quinoxalinyl, and pyrrolopyrimidinyl.
 14. The compound of claim 8, wherein R₂ is H and R₂′ is T_(y3)-Q_(y3.)
 15. The compound of claim 14, wherein Q_(y3) is unsubstituted or substituted phenyl.
 16. The compound of claim 14, wherein Q_(y3) is —C(O)OR₃₁; and R₃₁ is methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, or n-hexyl.
 17. The compound of claim 14, wherein Q_(y3) is unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₈ carbocycle selected from cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, and cycloheptyl.
 18. The compound of claim 8, wherein R₂ and R₂′, together with the atom they attach to, form a ring selected from pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, triazolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, azepanyl, and diazepanyl.
 19. The compound of claim 1 or a salt thereof, selected from the following:


20. The compound of claim 1, selected from the following:

or a salt thereof.
 21. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of any one of claims 1, 19 and 20, or a salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient. 